{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411005286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","title":"The Learning Crisis: Three Years after COVID-19","display_name":"The Learning Crisis: Three Years after COVID-19","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411005286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-6566438/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-6566438/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085851319","display_name":"Harry Anthony Patrinos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4939-3568","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4939-3568"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harry Patrinos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4939-3568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052959505","display_name":"Tomasz Janusz Gajderowicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-0812","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-0812"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Gajderowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warsaw"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warsaw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037682620","display_name":"Maciej Jakubowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-3133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-3133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maciej Jakubowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warsaw"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-3133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warsaw","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037694887","display_name":"Alec Kennedy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9977-3703","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9977-3703"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101428","display_name":"International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement","ror":"https://ror.org/00n789a42","country_code":"NL","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101428"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alec Kennedy","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014392012","display_name":"Christian Christrup Kjeldsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-5622","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-5622"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Kjeldsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005313069","display_name":"Rolf Strietholt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-642X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-642X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101428","display_name":"International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement","ror":"https://ror.org/00n789a42","country_code":"NL","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101428"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rolf Strietholt","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085851319"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13084","display_name":"Education during COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13084","display_name":"Education during COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.013700000010430813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-closures","display_name":"school closures","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-loss","display_name":"learning loss","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-achievement","display_name":"mathematics achievement","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-achievement","display_name":"science achievement","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timss","display_name":"TIMSS","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-inequality","display_name":"educational inequality","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disadvantaged-students","display_name":"disadvantaged students","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-education","display_name":"women's education","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-minorities","display_name":"linguistic minorities","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underachieving-students","display_name":"underachieving students","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-pandemic-education","display_name":"post-pandemic education","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7923986911773682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5077234506607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5076044797897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.21015414595603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20030152797698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.06543633341789246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.06049272418022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-6566438/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6566438/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-6566438/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.7246000170707703,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411005286.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411005286.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022349621","https://openalex.org/W2781783946","https://openalex.org/W3153978617","https://openalex.org/W3172046965","https://openalex.org/W4296041375","https://openalex.org/W4318486553","https://openalex.org/W4322734780","https://openalex.org/W4360603378","https://openalex.org/W4387221793","https://openalex.org/W4392432662","https://openalex.org/W4396508807","https://openalex.org/W4401983521","https://openalex.org/W4403391519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408367955","https://openalex.org/W4328053575","https://openalex.org/W7221719717","https://openalex.org/W4406731361","https://openalex.org/W4223947538","https://openalex.org/W7163952206","https://openalex.org/W4387221793","https://openalex.org/W4285185676","https://openalex.org/W4399830481","https://openalex.org/W4404382167"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"COVID-19":[2],"pandemic":[3],"triggered":[4],"widespread":[5],"school":[6,84],"closures":[7,85],"affecting":[8],"over":[9],"one":[10],"billion":[11],"children":[12],"worldwide,":[13],"with":[14,82,87],"potentially":[15],"lasting":[16],"effects":[17],"on":[18,49],"learning.":[19],"Leveraging":[20],"data":[21],"from":[22,62],"the":[23,43,116,129],"2023":[24],"Trends":[25],"in":[26,52],"International":[27],"Mathematics":[28],"and":[29,37,54,68,95,114],"Science":[30],"Study":[31],"(TIMSS),":[32],"covering":[33],"71":[34],"education":[35],"systems":[36],"spanning":[38],"two":[39],"decades,":[40],"we":[41,59],"quantify":[42],"global":[44,111],"impact":[45],"of":[46],"pandemic-related":[47],"disruptions":[48],"student":[50],"achievement":[51,75],"mathematics":[53],"science.":[55],"Using":[56],"mixed-effects":[57],"models,":[58],"estimate":[60],"deviations":[61,80],"pre-pandemic":[63],"trends,":[64],"adjusting":[65],"for":[66,119],"demographic":[67],"school-level":[69],"factors.":[70],"We":[71],"find":[72],"that":[73],"average":[74],"declined":[76],"by":[77,128],"0.11":[78],"standard":[79,104],"globally,":[81],"longer":[83],"associated":[86],"larger":[88],"losses.":[89],"Disadvantaged":[90],"groups\u2014including":[91],"low":[92],"performers,":[93],"girls,":[94],"linguistic":[96],"minorities\u2014experienced":[97],"greater":[98],"setbacks,":[99],"reaching":[100],"up":[101],"to":[102,123],"0.23":[103],"deviations.":[105],"These":[106],"findings":[107],"reveal":[108],"a":[109],"persistent":[110],"learning":[112],"crisis":[113],"highlight":[115],"urgent":[117],"need":[118],"targeted":[120],"policy":[121],"responses":[122],"address":[124],"educational":[125],"inequalities":[126],"exacerbated":[127],"pandemic.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
