{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410949029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","title":"A Survey on Large Language Model based Human-Agent Systems","display_name":"A Survey on Large Language Model based Human-Agent Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410949029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109737659","display_name":"Henry Peng Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5259-4998","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5259-4998"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Peng Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5259-4998","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101472565","display_name":"Wei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-3024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-3024","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4926-9492"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Chieh Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054147216","display_name":"Yaozu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-4660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-4660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaozu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053712210","display_name":"Yankai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-2047","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-2047"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yankai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382077","display_name":"Chunyan Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-3448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0300-3448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyu Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hoang Nguyen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoang Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056671291","display_name":"Yue Hua Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4032-2069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4032-2069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043782446","display_name":"Weizhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9131-3234","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9131-3234"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113315265","display_name":"Liancheng Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2722-2979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2722-2979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liancheng Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101826239","display_name":"Liang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-2638","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-2638"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Langzhou He","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061585074","display_name":"Yangning Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1991-6698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1991-6698"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangning Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University","University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047165324","display_name":"Dongyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4462-3563","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4462-3563"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["GB","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo","Google DeepMind"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040449880","display_name":"Renhe Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-4638","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-4638"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renhe Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Tokyo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xue Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["AE","CA","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI","McGill University","The University of Tokyo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036357902","display_name":"Philip S. Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3491-5968","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3491-5968"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip S Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.4668000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.4668000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.08240000158548355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.0812000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-feedback","display_name":"human feedback","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-ai-interaction","display_name":"human-AI interaction","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-orchestration","display_name":"agent orchestration","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-communication","display_name":"agent communication","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinations","display_name":"hallucinations","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-safety","display_name":"agent safety","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-reliability","display_name":"agent reliability","score":0.5410000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49465128779411316}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.174612962.26131807/v2","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410949029.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410949029.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415871599","https://openalex.org/W4393065402","https://openalex.org/W7118468219","https://openalex.org/W4416222640","https://openalex.org/W4401023556","https://openalex.org/W7117301573","https://openalex.org/W7117249417","https://openalex.org/W4415062702","https://openalex.org/W4403203873","https://openalex.org/W7207779244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,11,32,50,137],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"have":[7],"sparked":[8],"growing":[9],"interest":[10],"building":[12],"fully":[13,17],"autonomous":[14,18],"agents.":[15],"However,":[16],"LLM-based":[19,57],"agents":[20],"still":[21],"face":[22],"significant":[23],"challenges,":[24],"including":[25,100],"limited":[26],"reliability":[27,75],"due":[28],"to":[29,71,131],"hallucinations,":[30],"difficulty":[31],"handling":[33],"complex":[34],"tasks,":[35],"and":[36,39,48,76,84,109,114,118,124,135,145],"substantial":[37],"safety":[38],"ethical":[40],"risks,":[41],"all":[42],"of":[43,87],"which":[44],"limit":[45],"their":[46],"feasibility":[47],"trustworthiness":[49],"real-world":[51],"applications.":[52],"To":[53],"overcome":[54],"these":[55,98],"limitations,":[56],"human-agent":[58],"systems":[59],"(LLM-HAS)":[60],"incorporate":[61],"human-provided":[62],"information,":[63],"feedback,":[64,105],"or":[65],"control":[66],"into":[67],"the":[68,81],"agent":[69],"system":[70,73],"enhance":[72],"performance,":[74],"safety.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"provides":[80],"first":[82],"comprehensive":[83],"structured":[85,127],"survey":[86],"LLM-HAS.":[88],"It":[89],"clarifies":[90],"fundamental":[91],"concepts,":[92],"systematically":[93],"presents":[94],"core":[95],"components":[96],"shaping":[97],"systems,":[99],"environment":[101],"&":[102],"profiling,":[103],"human":[104],"interaction":[106],"types,":[107],"orchestration":[108],"communication,":[110],"explores":[111],"emerging":[112],"applications,":[113],"discusses":[115],"unique":[116],"challenges":[117],"opportunities.":[119],"By":[120],"consolidating":[121],"current":[122],"knowledge":[123],"offering":[125],"a":[126],"overview,":[128],"we":[129],"aim":[130],"foster":[132],"further":[133],"research":[134],"innovation":[136],"this":[138],"rapidly":[139],"evolving":[140],"interdisciplinary":[141],"field.":[142],"Paper":[143],"lists":[144],"resources":[146],"are":[147],"available":[148],"at":[149],"GitHub":[150],"repository:":[151],"https://github.com/HenryPengZou/Awesome-LLM-Based-Human-Agent-Systems":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}