{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410946232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","title":"Reliable unmanned aerial vehicle-based thermal infrared target detection method for monitoring Procapra przewalskii in Qinghai","display_name":"Reliable unmanned aerial vehicle-based thermal infrared target detection method for monitoring Procapra przewalskii in Qinghai","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410946232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419071","display_name":"Guoqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-9060","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-9060"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119087","display_name":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02m7msy24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088684243","display_name":"Wei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8876-4958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8876-4958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119087","display_name":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02m7msy24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013225043","display_name":"Yongxiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-6015","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-6015"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119087","display_name":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02m7msy24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongxiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111787901","display_name":"Quanqin Shao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanqin Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037340252","display_name":"Lin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7091-9686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7091-9686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119087","display_name":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02m7msy24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Keyu Mei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119087","display_name":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02m7msy24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyu Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770036","display_name":"Guohong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-6515","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-6515"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119087","display_name":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02m7msy24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National & Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Application Technology, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088684243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119087"],"apc_list":{"value":2770,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2770},"apc_paid":{"value":2770,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2770},"fwci":2.3944,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89480196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"90","issue":null,"first_page":"103209","last_page":"103209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.5590999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.5590999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.23160000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.13009999692440033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procapra-przewalskii","display_name":"Procapra przewalskii","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tibetan-antelope","display_name":"Tibetan antelope","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmanned-aerial-vehicles","display_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wildlife-monitoring","display_name":"wildlife monitoring","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yolov8","display_name":"YOLOv8","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"optical flow","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-suppression","display_name":"background suppression","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-object-detection","display_name":"small object detection","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/night-time-surveillance","display_name":"night-time surveillance","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poaching","display_name":"poaching","score":0.5099999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984335091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Thermal infrared","level":3,"score":0.6579068303108215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6549181938171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.5331230759620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4784781336784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39992469549179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36922580003738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3643253445625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1995021104812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08778822422027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08081254363059998}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e8334aed97a54e14bb9f82c6b0c9e864","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e8334aed97a54e14bb9f82c6b0c9e864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics, Vol 90, Iss , Pp 103209- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195809937","display_name":"Ecological Informatics","issn_l":"1574-9541","issn":["1574-9541","1878-0512"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ecological Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326290","display_name":"National Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1578285471","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2032135614","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2291670705","https://openalex.org/W2407220925","https://openalex.org/W2620619910","https://openalex.org/W2637985556","https://openalex.org/W2901771398","https://openalex.org/W2905131722","https://openalex.org/W2915519176","https://openalex.org/W2921752589","https://openalex.org/W2929565236","https://openalex.org/W2950855258","https://openalex.org/W3005035495","https://openalex.org/W3008240339","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3111879502","https://openalex.org/W3115482146","https://openalex.org/W3121860761","https://openalex.org/W3169419027","https://openalex.org/W3210535920","https://openalex.org/W4200242416","https://openalex.org/W4206502330","https://openalex.org/W4206720985","https://openalex.org/W4210597925","https://openalex.org/W4221006709","https://openalex.org/W4225014182","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4256292132","https://openalex.org/W4280534131","https://openalex.org/W4293207360","https://openalex.org/W4294050998","https://openalex.org/W4299354289","https://openalex.org/W4306967037","https://openalex.org/W4307727667","https://openalex.org/W4309279743","https://openalex.org/W4310082948","https://openalex.org/W4315648493","https://openalex.org/W4323670158","https://openalex.org/W4327620110","https://openalex.org/W4365453022","https://openalex.org/W4365453794","https://openalex.org/W4366492871","https://openalex.org/W4366502714","https://openalex.org/W4377089756","https://openalex.org/W4388830562","https://openalex.org/W4389001025","https://openalex.org/W4389117062","https://openalex.org/W4391707443","https://openalex.org/W4392163650","https://openalex.org/W4392974018","https://openalex.org/W4393308750","https://openalex.org/W4394858325","https://openalex.org/W4396694807","https://openalex.org/W4396886573","https://openalex.org/W4398784535","https://openalex.org/W4400859202","https://openalex.org/W4409357460","https://openalex.org/W4409503402","https://openalex.org/W6807550547","https://openalex.org/W6838598217","https://openalex.org/W6858591696","https://openalex.org/W6861801006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409357460","https://openalex.org/W4392974018","https://openalex.org/W7129261829","https://openalex.org/W7134264874","https://openalex.org/W4417404780","https://openalex.org/W4407026543","https://openalex.org/W4412445959","https://openalex.org/W7137923184","https://openalex.org/W7214379116","https://openalex.org/W7125711486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Procapra":[0,45,209,253],"przewalskii":[1,46,210,254],"plays":[2],"a":[3,66,85,152,214],"vital":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,41,126,166,247],"maintaining":[7],"ecological":[8],"balance;":[9],"however,":[10],"it":[11,234],"faces":[12],"considerable":[13],"threats":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,32,147,159,236],"habitat":[17],"degradation":[18],"and":[19,83,101,106,141,228],"illegal":[20],"poaching.":[21],"Monitoring":[22],"this":[23,61,63,244],"species":[24],"using":[25,73],"unmanned":[26],"aerial":[27],"vehicles":[28],"(UAVs)":[29],"has":[30],"proven":[31],"be":[33],"an":[34],"effective":[35],"conservation":[36],"strategy.":[37],"A":[38],"major":[39],"challenge":[40],"UAV-based":[42,261],"surveillance":[43],"of":[44,55,163,220,225,230,243],"is":[47,157],"conducting":[48],"observations":[49],"at":[50],"night":[51],"or":[52],"under":[53],"conditions":[54],"poor":[56],"visible":[57],"light.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"issue,":[62],"paper":[64],"presents":[65],"thermal":[67],"infrared":[68],"(TIR)":[69],"target":[70,154],"monitoring":[71,250],"technique":[72,76],"UAVs.":[74],"This":[75,91],"employs":[77],"YOLOv8s":[78],"as":[79,97,109],"the":[80,94,98,171,176,180,187,237],"base":[81],"model":[82,134],"proposes":[84],"multi-frame":[86],"processing":[87],"(MFP)":[88],"method":[89,92],"(YOLO-MFP).":[90],"uses":[93],"current":[95,238],"frame":[96],"primary":[99],"input":[100],"combines":[102],"optical":[103,127],"flow\u2013processed":[104,128],"images":[105,108,113,129,168],"background-suppressed":[107],"auxiliary":[110],"inputs.":[111],"Background-suppressed":[112],"can":[114],"effectively":[115,185],"minimize":[116],"most":[117],"background":[118],"pixels,":[119],"while":[120,169],"regions":[121],"with":[122],"high":[123],"vector":[124],"values":[125],"indicate":[130],"object":[131,139],"positions.":[132],"The":[133,241],"extracts":[135],"raw":[136],"feature":[137,188],"data,":[138],"details,":[140],"movement":[142],"information":[143],"from":[144],"these":[145],"inputs":[146],"improve":[148],"detection":[149,155,173,198],"performance.":[150],"Additionally,":[151],"small":[153],"layer":[156],"added":[158],"reduce":[160],"missed":[161],"detections":[162],"smaller":[164],"targets":[165],"TIR":[167],"enhancing":[170],"overall":[172],"accuracy.":[174],"Furthermore,":[175],"VoVGSCSP":[177],"module":[178],"refines":[179],"model's":[181],"neck":[182],"architecture":[183],"by":[184],"merging":[186],"maps":[189],"across":[190],"various":[191],"stages,":[192],"reducing":[193],"computational":[194],"demands":[195],"without":[196],"sacrificing":[197],"precision.":[199],"Finally,":[200],"through":[201],"numerous":[202],"comparative":[203],"experiments":[204],"on":[205],"our":[206],"proposed":[207],"TIR-":[208],"dataset,":[211],"YOLO-MFP":[212],"reaches":[213],"mean":[215],"average":[216],"precision":[217,223],"(mAP@0.5)":[218],"value":[219,224],"96.4":[221],"%,":[222,227,232],"92.6":[226],"recall":[229],"97.0":[231],"making":[233],"superior":[235],"state-of-the-art":[239],"models.":[240],"importance":[242],"study":[245],"lies":[246],"its":[248],"enhanced":[249],"capabilities":[251],"for":[252,259],",":[255],"providing":[256],"valuable":[257],"insights":[258],"future":[260],"wildlife":[262],"observation":[263],"efforts.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}