{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410933342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64042/k3nyjh85","title":"Revisiting Protectionism in the Global Economy: Economic, Supply Chain, and Technological Implications of the 2025 U.S. Tariff Policies","display_name":"Revisiting Protectionism in the Global Economy: Economic, Supply Chain, and Technological Implications of the 2025 U.S. Tariff Policies","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410933342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64042/k3nyjh85"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64042/k3nyjh85","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64042/k3nyjh85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64042/k3nyjh85","pdf_url":"https://cijir.cristaljournal.com/index.php/cijir/article/download/4/4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407049524","display_name":"Cristal International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research","issn_l":"3080-4779","issn":["3080-4779"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cristal International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://cijir.cristaljournal.com/index.php/cijir/article/download/4/4","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014396559","display_name":"Irma Nuraeni Salsabila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2020-1374","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2020-1374"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405274761","display_name":"Institut Prima Bangsa","ror":"https://ror.org/029w0aw28","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405274761"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irma Nuraeni Salsabila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute Prima Bangsa Cirebon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute Prima Bangsa Cirebon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405274761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094233273","display_name":"Septien Dwi Savandha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Septien Dwi Savandha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Latin American Online Technological University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Latin American Online Technological University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104679911","display_name":"Oriza Aditia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767907","display_name":"Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional","ror":"https://ror.org/01kz6he51","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767907"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oriza Aditia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104747475","display_name":"Nur Saebah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nur Saebah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Cendekia Mintra Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Cendekia Mintra Indonesia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116554433","display_name":"Shinta Meilinda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinta Meilinda","raw_affiliation_strings":["UIN Siber SSC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UIN Siber SSC","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.133,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95330933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"34","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14443","display_name":"COVID-19, Geopolitics, Technology, Migration","score":0.7929999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14443","display_name":"COVID-19, Geopolitics, Technology, Migration","score":0.7929999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.16920000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14503","display_name":"Globalization, Economics, and Policies","score":0.017899999395012856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protectionism","display_name":"protectionism","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-policy","display_name":"trade policy","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain-resilience","display_name":"supply chain resilience","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitical-tensions","display_name":"geopolitical tensions","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflation","display_name":"inflation","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-trade","display_name":"automotive trade","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics-trade","display_name":"electronics trade","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-relocation","display_name":"industrial relocation","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southeast-asia","display_name":"Southeast Asia","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain-diversification","display_name":"supply chain diversification","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retaliation","display_name":"retaliation","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china-trade-relations","display_name":"China trade relations","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-stability","display_name":"economic stability","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-loss","display_name":"job loss","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22241219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179073","display_name":"Protectionism","level":2,"score":0.9656714797019958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.8094812631607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6175394058227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.5253307819366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.421254426240921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4190917909145355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.29112157225608826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64042/k3nyjh85","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64042/k3nyjh85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64042/k3nyjh85","pdf_url":"https://cijir.cristaljournal.com/index.php/cijir/article/download/4/4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407049524","display_name":"Cristal International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research","issn_l":"3080-4779","issn":["3080-4779"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cristal International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64042/k3nyjh85","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64042/k3nyjh85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64042/k3nyjh85","pdf_url":"https://cijir.cristaljournal.com/index.php/cijir/article/download/4/4","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407049524","display_name":"Cristal International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research","issn_l":"3080-4779","issn":["3080-4779"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cristal International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.651199996471405,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410933342.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410933342.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125756040","https://openalex.org/W4387163553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215623700","https://openalex.org/W7117419512","https://openalex.org/W4412586102","https://openalex.org/W6949499915","https://openalex.org/W7160218709","https://openalex.org/W4416562597","https://openalex.org/W4409395657","https://openalex.org/W7221750121","https://openalex.org/W7161019465","https://openalex.org/W7111155415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125],"rise":[1],"of":[2,30,150,156],"protectionist":[3],"policies,":[4],"such":[5],"as":[6,85],"the":[7,28,154],"2025":[8],"U.S.":[9,79],"tariff":[10],"increases,":[11],"marks":[12],"a":[13,44,165,182],"clear":[14],"shift":[15],"from":[16,101],"globalization":[17],"and":[18,40,52,59,74,76,92,108,116,131,144,153],"creates":[19],"complex":[20],"challenges":[21],"for":[22,96,129,159,167,174],"global":[23,137],"trade.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26,126],"evaluates":[27],"impacts":[29],"these":[31,123],"policies":[32],"on":[33,133],"economic":[34,65,179],"stability,":[35],"supply":[36,151],"chains,":[37],"geopolitical":[38],"tensions,":[39],"technological":[41],"advancements.":[42],"Using":[43],"multidisciplinary":[45],"approach-":[46],"political":[47],"economy":[48],"analysis,":[49],"scenario":[50],"modeling,":[51],"actor-network":[53],"mapping-":[54],"it":[55],"explores":[56],"both":[57],"macro":[58],"micro":[60],"effects.":[61],"Findings":[62],"reveal":[63],"significant":[64],"disruptions,":[66],"including":[67],"decreased":[68],"trade":[69],"in":[70,181],"sectors":[71],"like":[72,106,114,142],"automotive":[73],"electronics,":[75],"inflation":[77,143],"affecting":[78],"households.":[80],"Supply":[81],"chains":[82,152],"are":[83,119],"restructuring":[84],"businesses":[86,132],"relocate":[87],"manufacturing":[88],"to":[89,121],"Southeast":[90],"Asia":[91],"implement":[93],"AI-driven":[94],"logistics":[95,118],"resilience.":[97],"Tensions":[98],"have":[99],"risen":[100],"retaliatory":[102],"actions":[103],"by":[104],"partners":[105],"China":[107],"Canada,":[109],"heightening":[110],"market":[111],"instability.":[112],"Innovations":[113],"blockchain":[115],"AI":[117],"key":[120],"mitigating":[122],"challenges.":[124],"offers":[127],"insights":[128],"policymakers":[130],"balancing":[134],"protectionism":[135],"with":[136],"collaboration":[138],"while":[139],"addressing":[140],"issues":[141],"job":[145],"losses.":[146],"It":[147],"guides":[148],"diversification":[149],"use":[155],"emerging":[157],"technologies":[158],"effective":[160],"risk":[161],"management.":[162],"By":[163],"presenting":[164],"framework":[166],"understanding":[168],"modern":[169],"protectionism,":[170],"this":[171],"research":[172],"calls":[173],"more":[175],"investigation":[176],"into":[177],"sustainable":[178],"strategies":[180],"fragmented":[183],"world.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
