{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410380794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","title":"What is the care economy? A scoping review on current evidence, challenges, facilitators and future opportunities","display_name":"What is the care economy? A scoping review on current evidence, challenges, facilitators and future opportunities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410380794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40438065","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12116328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001381922","display_name":"Irene Blackberry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4482-4936","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4482-4936"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"I. Blackberry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044482006","display_name":"Jennifer Boak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4554-0310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4554-0310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Boak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"K. Barclay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Barclay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026812362","display_name":"Hanan Khalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-2009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-2009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology and Public Health, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001381922"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":1.4051,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79464286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"1540009","last_page":"1540009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13111","display_name":"Nursing care and research","score":0.5249000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13111","display_name":"Nursing care and research","score":0.5249000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11712","display_name":"Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving","score":0.2361000031232834,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13695","display_name":"Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues","score":0.09690000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3319","display_name":"Life-span and Life-course Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/care-economy","display_name":"care economy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-care","display_name":"informal care","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caregiver-well-being","display_name":"caregiver well-being","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caregiver-burden","display_name":"caregiver burden","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality-in-caregiving","display_name":"gender inequality in caregiving","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elderly-care","display_name":"elderly care","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability-care","display_name":"disability care","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-childhood-education-and-care","display_name":"early childhood education and care","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-health-care","display_name":"rural health care","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterans","display_name":"veterans","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migrant-care-workers","display_name":"migrant care workers","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caregiver-compensation","display_name":"caregiver compensation","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-aging","display_name":"population aging","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caregiver-education","display_name":"caregiver education","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-pocket-costs","display_name":"out-of-pocket costs","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spousal-caregivers","display_name":"spousal caregivers","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-to-care-delivery","display_name":"barriers to care delivery","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-of-care","display_name":"value of care","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-support","display_name":"social support","score":0.3659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.40648412704467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35445863008499146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3244038224220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21826153993606567}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017028","descriptor_name":"Caregivers","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12116328","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12116328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:40438065","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40438065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:833407ddae6b45889ad644d644e3a40a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/833407ddae6b45889ad644d644e3a40a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health, Vol 13 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29134001","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/What_is_the_care_economy_A_scoping_review_on_current_evidence_challenges_facilitators_and_future_opportunities/29134001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540009/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410380794.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410380794.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078522217","https://openalex.org/W2275786585","https://openalex.org/W2522234767","https://openalex.org/W2768523232","https://openalex.org/W2803607265","https://openalex.org/W2805941114","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2894713174","https://openalex.org/W2900018116","https://openalex.org/W2929558902","https://openalex.org/W2988034294","https://openalex.org/W3020146594","https://openalex.org/W3088972521","https://openalex.org/W3092419658","https://openalex.org/W3093720134","https://openalex.org/W3104341485","https://openalex.org/W3123678694","https://openalex.org/W3123774182","https://openalex.org/W3134081329","https://openalex.org/W3161942385","https://openalex.org/W3169566946","https://openalex.org/W3196305101","https://openalex.org/W3197384969","https://openalex.org/W3204919426","https://openalex.org/W4205825081","https://openalex.org/W4221010855","https://openalex.org/W4235463233","https://openalex.org/W4295359731","https://openalex.org/W4295807284","https://openalex.org/W4310054772","https://openalex.org/W4312195570","https://openalex.org/W4388022193","https://openalex.org/W4388591872","https://openalex.org/W4388858947","https://openalex.org/W4390233973","https://openalex.org/W4391423460","https://openalex.org/W4394724317","https://openalex.org/W4394875726","https://openalex.org/W4396535948","https://openalex.org/W4399680756","https://openalex.org/W4402685385","https://openalex.org/W4403342673","https://openalex.org/W4407848274","https://openalex.org/W6846780482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966017254","https://openalex.org/W4285124523","https://openalex.org/W4402228627","https://openalex.org/W2981692379","https://openalex.org/W7213674547","https://openalex.org/W7126419249","https://openalex.org/W7214090080","https://openalex.org/W3200004320","https://openalex.org/W1967712773","https://openalex.org/W7133188680"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"The":[1,11,267,302,370],"care":[2,30,56,68,72,133,222,257,265,268,278,285,303,360,386],"economy":[3,269,304],"gained":[4],"its":[5],"prominence":[6],"during":[7],"the":[8,36,49,55,151,162,173,209,256,264,284,336,341,351,363,385],"COVID-19":[9],"pandemic.":[10],"value":[12,337],"and":[13,31,38,66,79,88,105,110,113,124,129,131,161,180,228,244,260,287,298,358,366,382],"impact":[14],"of":[15,52,154,172,201,208,213,225,230,234,290,316,338,354,384],"caregiving,":[16],"mostly":[17,325],"shouldered":[18],"by":[19,356],"women,":[20],"was":[21],"not":[22],"as":[23],"visible":[24],"until":[25,138],"such":[26],"crisis":[27],"point.":[28],"Health":[29],"social":[32,242],"support":[33,227,297],"sectors":[34],"represent":[35],"largest":[37],"fastest":[39],"growing":[40,342],"industry":[41],"globally.":[42],"This":[43],"scoping":[44,388],"review":[45,389],"aims":[46],"to":[47,70,188,220,238,255,312,349,362],"elucidate":[48,350],"current":[50],"state":[51],"play":[53],"in":[54,197,206,249,263,283],"economy,":[57,258],"where":[58],"there":[59],"is":[60,305,347,372],"a":[61,314],"great":[62],"reliance":[63],"on":[64,117],"informal":[65,130,359],"formal":[67,132,357],"workforce":[69,134,279,361],"deliver":[71],"for":[73,276,292],"populations":[74],"across":[75,319],"all":[76],"age":[77,192],"groups":[78,193],"abilities.":[80],"Methods:":[81],"Following":[82],"Joanna":[83],"Briggs":[84],"Institute":[85],"(JBI)":[86],"methodology":[87],"PRISMA-SCR":[89],"reporting":[90],"guidance,":[91],"we":[92],"searched":[93],"MEDLINE,":[94],"Embase,":[95],"CINAHL,":[96],"PsycINFO,":[97],"Campbell":[98],"collaboration":[99],"database,":[100],"Social":[101],"Science":[102,107,376],"Abstracts,":[103],"Library":[104],"Information":[106],"Abstracts":[108],"(LISA)":[109],"Scopus.":[111],"Quantitative":[112],"qualitative":[114],"original":[115],"research":[116,250,308,317,346],"disability,":[118],"aged":[119,177,186],"care,":[120,125],"early":[121],"childhood":[122],"education":[123,275],"rural,":[126],"veterans,":[127],"migrants":[128],"from":[135,150,159],"January":[136],"2018":[137],"November":[139],"2023":[140],"were":[141,149,158,184,195,204,215,223],"examined.":[142],"Results:":[143],"Of":[144],"354":[145],"studies":[146,166,174],"selected,":[147],"20%":[148],"United":[152,163],"States":[153],"America,":[155],"11%":[156],"each":[157],"China":[160],"Kingdom.":[164],"Most":[165],"employed":[167],"cross-sectional":[168],"design.":[169],"A":[170],"quarter":[171],"included":[175,196,251],"adults":[176,185],"65":[178],"years":[179],"above":[181],"while":[182],"6%":[183],"18":[187],"64":[189],"years.":[190],"These":[191],"combined":[194],"an":[198,306],"additional":[199],"27%":[200],"studies.":[202,210],"Women":[203],"overrepresented":[205],"70%":[207],"Nearly":[211],"two-thirds":[212],"caregivers":[214,282,293],"spouses":[216],"or":[217,236,328],"partners.":[218],"Barriers":[219],"providing":[221,274],"lack":[224],"education,":[226],"monitoring":[229],"caregiver":[231],"well-being,":[232],"loss":[233],"income":[235],"ability":[237],"earn":[239],"money,":[240],"reduced":[241],"life":[243],"increased":[245],"out-of-pocket":[246],"costs.":[247],"Gaps":[248],"migrant":[252],"populations'":[253],"contribution":[254],"gender":[259],"diversity":[261],"inequality":[262],"economy.":[266,367],"could":[270],"be":[271,313],"improved":[272],"through":[273,294],"caregivers,":[277],"engaging":[280],"with":[281,331,374],"plan,":[286],"governments'":[288],"overhaul":[289],"compensation":[291],"direct":[295],"financial":[296],"employment":[299],"benefits.":[300],"Conclusion:":[301],"emerging":[307],"area.":[309],"There":[310],"continues":[311],"paucity":[315],"evidence":[318,334],"some":[320],"geographical":[321],"areas.":[322],"Studies":[323],"are":[324],"short":[326],"term":[327],"small":[329],"scale":[330],"very":[332],"little":[333],"around":[335],"care.":[339],"Given":[340],"aging":[343],"population,":[344,364],"more":[345],"needed":[348],"positive":[352],"aspects":[353,383],"caring":[355],"society":[365],"Protocol":[368],"registration:":[369],"protocol":[371],"registered":[373],"Open":[375],"Framework":[377],"(10.17605).":[378],"\"Definitions,":[379],"key":[380],"themes":[381],"economy-a":[387],"protocol,\"":[390],"https://osf.io/ypmuh.":[391]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-05-15T00:00:00"}
