{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410360733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051189","title":"Integration of UAV Remote Sensing and Machine Learning for Taro Blight Monitoring","display_name":"Integration of UAV Remote Sensing and Machine Learning for Taro Blight Monitoring","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410360733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy15051189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051189","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1189/pdf?version=1747273178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1189/pdf?version=1747273178","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yushuai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1241-8753","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1241-8753"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yushuai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1241-8753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416073","display_name":"Yuxin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6254-8619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6254-8619"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034844040","display_name":"Shu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-6809","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-6809"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006923709","display_name":"Shaolong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2525-0095","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2525-0095"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaolong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2525-0095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641046","display_name":"Weijun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-9697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-9697"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338105","display_name":"Tao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-0104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-0104","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5647-0019","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2719-4526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102026163","display_name":"Chengming Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-3922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-3922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengming Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-3922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cultivation and Construction Site of National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology in Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102026163"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1189","last_page":"1189"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.5479000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.5479000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.4392000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taro","display_name":"taro","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-severity-monitoring","display_name":"disease severity monitoring","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-hyperspectral-imagery","display_name":"UAV hyperspectral imagery","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-vegetation-indices","display_name":"multispectral vegetation indices","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/back-propagation-neural-network","display_name":"BP neural network","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest-regression","display_name":"random forest regression","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-disease-detection","display_name":"plant disease detection","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-disease-management","display_name":"crop disease management","score":0.5529999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5190058946609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182076605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4273292","display_name":"Blight","level":2,"score":0.4667736887931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4181619882583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41191643476486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.25202953815460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23629280924797058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21828964352607727}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy15051189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051189","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1189/pdf?version=1747273178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6a38834d096d41fea8a54792f4a68c18","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6a38834d096d41fea8a54792f4a68c18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1189 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy15051189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051189","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/5/1189/pdf?version=1747273178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4890621693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2022335","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324130","funder_display_name":"Yangzhou University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324130","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410360733.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410360733.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1920908187","https://openalex.org/W1976633243","https://openalex.org/W1991588408","https://openalex.org/W2000613913","https://openalex.org/W2001462218","https://openalex.org/W2006688053","https://openalex.org/W2011475440","https://openalex.org/W2012643528","https://openalex.org/W2036003376","https://openalex.org/W2036058439","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2064636932","https://openalex.org/W2077653178","https://openalex.org/W2082436271","https://openalex.org/W2084849543","https://openalex.org/W2099400014","https://openalex.org/W2119474749","https://openalex.org/W2131713496","https://openalex.org/W2148432117","https://openalex.org/W2154877881","https://openalex.org/W2157760685","https://openalex.org/W2163410149","https://openalex.org/W2317360817","https://openalex.org/W2363327868","https://openalex.org/W2393538420","https://openalex.org/W2399092553","https://openalex.org/W2432063618","https://openalex.org/W2731050796","https://openalex.org/W2749030790","https://openalex.org/W2795016359","https://openalex.org/W2896242594","https://openalex.org/W2932203713","https://openalex.org/W2971526891","https://openalex.org/W3040779190","https://openalex.org/W3095466685","https://openalex.org/W3108297739","https://openalex.org/W3120426666","https://openalex.org/W3152977856","https://openalex.org/W3185814676","https://openalex.org/W4206022068","https://openalex.org/W4232024493","https://openalex.org/W4401247253","https://openalex.org/W4405293733","https://openalex.org/W4409367954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411171864","https://openalex.org/W3179401075","https://openalex.org/W7203552551","https://openalex.org/W7172011545","https://openalex.org/W4317721955","https://openalex.org/W7219283117","https://openalex.org/W4362582161","https://openalex.org/W4415535075","https://openalex.org/W4206758530","https://openalex.org/W7172293116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Taro":[0],"blight":[1,62,192],"is":[2,19],"a":[3,57,99,123,189],"major":[4],"disease":[5,12,186,199],"affecting":[6],"taro":[7,38,45,61,81,148,172,191,202],"cultivation.":[8,203],"Traditional":[9],"methods":[10],"for":[11,59],"prevention":[13],"rely":[14],"on":[15,111,131],"manual":[16],"identification,":[17],"which":[18],"limited":[20],"by":[21],"subjectivity":[22],"and":[23,77,106,115,185],"scope.":[24],"An":[25],"unmanned":[26],"aerial":[27],"vehicle":[28],"(UAV)":[29],"was":[30],"utilized":[31],"to":[32,55],"capture":[33],"spectral":[34],"images":[35,54],"of":[36,44,80,101,104,109,120,129,147,171],"natural":[37],"fields,":[39],"facilitating":[40],"the":[41,75,92,95,112,132,144,168],"efficient":[42],"monitoring":[43,60,193],"blight.":[46],"Field":[47],"survey":[48],"data":[49],"were":[50,86],"integrated":[51],"with":[52,122,150,182],"these":[53],"develop":[56],"model":[58,70,97,140],"severity.":[63],"The":[64,135,157,174],"back":[65],"propagation":[66],"neural":[67],"network":[68],"(BPNN)":[69],"showed":[71],"optimal":[72],"performance":[73],"during":[74,143,167],"early":[76,93,145,169],"middle":[78],"stages":[79],"formation":[82,149],"when":[83],"hyperspectral":[84],"parameters":[85,184],"used":[87],"as":[88,154],"input":[89,155],"variables.":[90,156],"In":[91],"stage,":[94],"BPNN":[96],"achieved":[98],"coefficient":[100],"determination":[102],"(R2)":[103],"0.92":[105],"an":[107,118],"RMSE":[108],"0.054":[110],"training":[113],"set,":[114],"it":[116],"obtained":[117],"R2":[119],"0.89":[121],"root":[124],"mean":[125],"square":[126],"error":[127],"(RMSE)":[128],"0.074":[130],"validation":[133],"set.":[134],"random":[136],"forest":[137],"regression":[138],"(RFR)":[139],"performed":[141],"best":[142],"stage":[146,170],"multispectral":[151],"vegetation":[152],"indices":[153],"models":[158],"exhibited":[159],"robust":[160],"predictive":[161],"capabilities":[162],"across":[163],"various":[164],"stages,":[165],"especially":[166],"formation.":[173],"results":[175],"demonstrate":[176],"that":[177,195],"UAV":[178],"remote":[179],"sensing,":[180],"combined":[181],"characteristic":[183],"indices,":[187],"presents":[188],"precise":[190],"method":[194],"can":[196],"substantially":[197],"improve":[198],"management":[200],"in":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2025-05-15T00:00:00"}
