{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410285185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","title":"Fanning the Flames: The Myth of World Cup Qualification Matches and Hooliganism Triggering the \u2018Soccer War\u2019","display_name":"Fanning the Flames: The Myth of World Cup Qualification Matches and Hooliganism Triggering the \u2018Soccer War\u2019","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410285185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18307414","display_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","issn_l":"0952-3367","issn":["0952-3367","1743-9035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tamir Bar-On","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-1486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-1486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259498","display_name":"Rabdan Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02ap92826","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tamir Bar-On","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defense and Security, Rabdan Academy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-1486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defense and Security, Rabdan Academy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059648010","display_name":"Olivier Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5198-0828","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5198-0828"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259498","display_name":"Rabdan Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02ap92826","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defense and Security, Rabdan Academy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defense and Security, Rabdan Academy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9695,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72411963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"12-13","first_page":"1602","last_page":"1621"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Sociology, History and Politics of Sport","score":0.4180000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Sociology, History and Politics of Sport","score":0.4180000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.186599999666214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14032","display_name":"History and International Relations","score":0.1835000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hooliganism","display_name":"hooliganism","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-tracing","display_name":"process tracing","score":0.5619999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519517224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12827256","display_name":"Mythology","level":2,"score":0.5624611973762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35948777198791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.29796186089515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24908748269081116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.15960142016410828}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18307414","display_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","issn_l":"0952-3367","issn":["0952-3367","1743-9035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlyworks.ra.ac.ae:123456789/1439","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064534","display_name":"Rabdan Academy Digital Repository (Rabdan Academy)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105015865628","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09523367.2025.2497321?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18307414","display_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","issn_l":"0952-3367","issn":["0952-3367","1743-9035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The International Journal of the History of Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410285185.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410285185.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7132003101","https://openalex.org/W2954027376","https://openalex.org/W2918232329","https://openalex.org/W2809950010","https://openalex.org/W2044348761","https://openalex.org/W4238975930","https://openalex.org/W2758506872","https://openalex.org/W133903473","https://openalex.org/W1977879520","https://openalex.org/W2804371618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Violence":[0],"before":[1],"and":[2,16,39,156,161],"after":[3],"three":[4],"qualification":[5],"matches":[6,128],"for":[7,68],"the":[8,25,31,50,56,69,79,82,88,102,107,115,119,124,127,130,146,166,172,177,189],"1970":[9],"FIFA":[10],"World":[11],"Cup":[12],"between":[13],"El":[14],"Salvador":[15],"Honduras":[17],"allegedly":[18],"\u2018triggered\u2019":[19],"an":[20],"armed":[21],"conflict":[22],"many":[23,45,63],"call":[24],"\u2018Soccer":[26,121],"War\u2019.":[27],"Despite":[28],"numerous":[29],"refutations,":[30],"Soccer":[32,104],"War":[33,105],"narrative":[34,92],"endures":[35],"within":[36],"both":[37],"popular":[38],"scholarly":[40],"histories":[41],"of":[42,58,78,81,90,101,114,139,145,165,179],"soccer.":[43],"Although":[44,62],"have":[46,54,64,72],"sought":[47],"to":[48,87,118,183,191,193],"disprove":[49],"falsehood,":[51],"virtually":[52],"none":[53,71],"noted":[55],"endurance":[57],"this":[59,91],"seductive":[60],"story.":[61],"suggested":[65],"alternative":[66],"explanations":[67],"war,":[70,184],"presented":[73],"a":[74,110,137],"detailed,":[75],"process-based":[76],"assessment":[77],"role":[80],"matches.":[83],"This":[84,132],"article":[85],"contributes":[86],"questioning":[89],"by":[93],"filling":[94],"these":[95],"two":[96],"gaps.":[97],"After":[98],"providing":[99],"evidence":[100],"ongoing":[103],"mythology,":[106],"paper":[108],"offers":[109],"detailed":[111],"historical":[112],"reconstruction":[113],"events":[116,180],"leading":[117],"so-called":[120],"War\u2019,":[122],"falsifying":[123],"claim":[125],"that":[126,181],"triggered":[129],"war.":[131,194],"process-tracing":[133],"is":[134,170],"based":[135],"on":[136],"variety":[138],"primary":[140],"sources,":[141],"including":[142],"US":[143],"Office":[144],"Historian":[147],"materials,":[148],"CIA":[149],"documents,":[150],"UK":[151],"National":[152],"Archives,":[153],"newspaper":[154],"archives":[155],"journalistic":[157],"literature,":[158],"military":[159],"memoirs,":[160],"soccer":[162],"actors\u2019":[163],"interpretations":[164],"conflict.":[167],"The":[168],"conclusion":[169],"simple:":[171],"after-match":[173],"violence":[174],"neither":[175],"started":[176],"chain":[178],"led":[182],"nor":[185],"did":[186],"it":[187],"cause":[188],"decision":[190],"go":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2025-05-12T00:00:00"}
