{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410246488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52152/rcr.v13.15","title":"Digital Labor on TikTok and Douyin Platforms: A Scoping Review","display_name":"Digital Labor on TikTok and Douyin Platforms: A Scoping Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410246488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52152/rcr.v13.15"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.52152/rcr.v13.15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52152/rcr.v13.15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52152/rcr.v13.15","pdf_url":"https://rcommunicationr.org/index.php/rcr/article/download/215/82","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238488","display_name":"Review of Communication Research","issn_l":"2255-4165","issn":["2255-4165"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322043","host_organization_name":"Review of Communication Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322043"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Review of Communication Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Communication Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://rcommunicationr.org/index.php/rcr/article/download/215/82","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117497399","display_name":"Yuhsin Kung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1861-0655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1861-0655"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhsin Kung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D Candidate, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1861-0655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D Candidate, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043560852","display_name":"Yunwen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3197-1366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3197-1366"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunwen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas, Kansas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3197-1366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas, Kansas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707518","display_name":"Xiaoqin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-4962","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-4962"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-4962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039262748","display_name":"Jessica Hatrick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-975X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-975X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Hatrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["eaching Fellow, School of International Communications, University of Nottingham Ningbo China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0193-975X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"eaching Fellow, School of International Communications, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weining Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8480-8964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8480-8964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weining Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D Candidate, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8480-8964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D Candidate, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qinglin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7132-3865","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7132-3865"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinglin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D Candidate, Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7132-3865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D Candidate, Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117497401","display_name":"Jiaqi Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4874-7887","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4874-7887"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D Candidate, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4874-7887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D Candidate, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109697707","display_name":"Yushi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8786-8786","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8786-8786"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yushi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D Candidate, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8786-8786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D Candidate, Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9148,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89822638,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"229","last_page":"245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13745","display_name":"Media and Digital Communication","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-labour","display_name":"digital labor","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tiktok","display_name":"TikTok","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/douyin","display_name":"Douyin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-form-video-platforms","display_name":"short video platforms","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platformization","display_name":"platformization","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-generated-content","display_name":"user-generated content","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precarity","display_name":"precarity","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploitation","display_name":"exploitation","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital","display_name":"capital","score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"visibility","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-labor","display_name":"emotional labor","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-labor","display_name":"relational labour","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creative-work","display_name":"creative work","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platform-work","display_name":"platform work","score":0.597000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47651898860931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35604554414749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3336866497993469}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.52152/rcr.v13.15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52152/rcr.v13.15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52152/rcr.v13.15","pdf_url":"https://rcommunicationr.org/index.php/rcr/article/download/215/82","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238488","display_name":"Review of Communication Research","issn_l":"2255-4165","issn":["2255-4165"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322043","host_organization_name":"Review of Communication Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322043"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Review of Communication Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Communication Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.52152/rcr.v13.15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52152/rcr.v13.15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52152/rcr.v13.15","pdf_url":"https://rcommunicationr.org/index.php/rcr/article/download/215/82","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238488","display_name":"Review of Communication Research","issn_l":"2255-4165","issn":["2255-4165"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322043","host_organization_name":"Review of Communication Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322043"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Review of Communication Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of Communication Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410246488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410246488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486443506","https://openalex.org/W1501447279","https://openalex.org/W1986940066","https://openalex.org/W1987154081","https://openalex.org/W2119596552","https://openalex.org/W2171323324","https://openalex.org/W2184763095","https://openalex.org/W2779588463","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2901669506","https://openalex.org/W3016193994","https://openalex.org/W3123112026","https://openalex.org/W3123415290","https://openalex.org/W3134502900","https://openalex.org/W3158248230","https://openalex.org/W3166169097","https://openalex.org/W3196280736","https://openalex.org/W3207669428","https://openalex.org/W4205608469","https://openalex.org/W4280527253","https://openalex.org/W4281613616","https://openalex.org/W4282943090","https://openalex.org/W4283277343","https://openalex.org/W4283373110","https://openalex.org/W4286715920","https://openalex.org/W4292249114","https://openalex.org/W4297491153","https://openalex.org/W4307459808","https://openalex.org/W4322504844","https://openalex.org/W4366551206","https://openalex.org/W4367053975","https://openalex.org/W4378652602","https://openalex.org/W4383216298","https://openalex.org/W4384203028","https://openalex.org/W4386444309","https://openalex.org/W4386570328","https://openalex.org/W4404718051"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366716904","https://openalex.org/W7143653026","https://openalex.org/W7138841857","https://openalex.org/W7162949686","https://openalex.org/W4382139896","https://openalex.org/W3156473523","https://openalex.org/W7161639698","https://openalex.org/W2406964871","https://openalex.org/W4211158811","https://openalex.org/W7163190064"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid,":[1],"geographically":[2],"dispersed":[3],"uptake":[4],"of":[5,49,75,89,146,173,197],"TikTok":[6],"and":[7,24,32,155,161,170,177,202],"Douyin":[8],"in":[9,60,120,233],"past":[10],"years":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13],"coupled":[14],"with":[15,20,102],"\u201cplatformization\u201d":[16],"where":[17],"platforms":[18,106,223,229],"rise":[19],"an":[21,72],"infrastructural,":[22],"economic,":[23],"cultural":[25],"model":[26],"that":[27,215],"permeates":[28],"various":[29],"economic":[30],"sectors":[31],"living":[33],"spaces.":[34],"App":[35],"users,":[36],"who":[37],"not":[38],"only":[39],"consume":[40],"but":[41],"also":[42],"produce":[43],"content,":[44],"constitute":[45],"a":[46,238],"new":[47],"form":[48],"\u201cdigital":[50,116,147],"labor\u201d.":[51],"This":[52,140],"scoping":[53,141],"review":[54,142,236],"responds":[55],"to":[56,80,128,183,194,204,218,225],"the":[57,164,168,209],"rising":[58],"interest":[59],"theorizing":[61],"short-form":[62,190,231],"video":[63,191],"digital":[64,175,245],"labor":[65,211,246],"by":[66],"consolidating":[67],"recent":[68],"research.":[69],"We":[70],"constructed":[71],"original":[73],"database":[74],"articles":[76],"published":[77],"from":[78,126,133],"2016":[79],"2022":[81],"about":[82,244],"TikTok/Douyin":[83,158,182],"across":[84],"eight":[85],"databases":[86],"(SCOPUS,":[87],"Web":[88],"Science,":[90],"ACM":[91],"Digital":[92,187],"Library,":[93],"PubMed,":[94],"Medline,":[95],"Google":[96,134],"Scholar,":[97],"EBSCO":[98],"Communication":[99],"Source,":[100],"PsycINFO)":[101],"two":[103,222],"gray":[104],"literature":[105],"(ClinicalTrials.gov,":[107],"WHO\u2019s":[108],"International":[109],"Clinical":[110],"Trials":[111],"Registry":[112],"Platform).":[113],"After":[114],"identifying":[115],"labor\u201d":[117,148],"related":[118],"papers":[119,137],"this":[121,131,235],"database,":[122],"we":[123,166],"added":[124],"publications":[125],"2023":[127],"2025":[129],"on":[130,157,181,189,247],"topic":[132],"Scholar;":[135],"17":[136],"were":[138],"analyzed.":[139],"identified":[143],"six":[144],"categories":[145],"(i.e.,":[149],"creative,":[150],"visibility,":[151],"emotional,":[152],"platform,":[153],"relational,":[154],"promotional)":[156],"for":[159,241],"elucidation":[160],"comparison.":[162],"Summarizing":[163],"papers,":[165],"found":[167],"goals":[169],"situations":[171],"(precarity/exploitation)":[172],"these":[174,221],"laborers,":[176],"their":[178],"practice":[179],"performed":[180],"be":[184],"concurrently":[185],"discussed.":[186],"laborers":[188],"apps":[192],"gravitate":[193],"four":[195],"forms":[196],"capital":[198],"(economic,":[199],"social,":[200],"cultural,":[201],"symbolic)":[203],"achieve":[205],"personal":[206],"value.":[207],"Nevertheless,":[208],"platforms\u2019":[210],"practices":[212],"employ":[213],"strategies":[214],"subject":[216],"users":[217],"precarity.":[219],"As":[220],"continue":[224],"evolve":[226],"(and":[227],"other":[228],"integrate":[230],"videos":[232],"systems),":[234],"provides":[237],"conceptual":[239],"roadmap":[240],"future":[242],"research":[243],"networked":[248],"mobile":[249],"platforms.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-05-10T00:00:00"}