{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410232103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316","title":"Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions","display_name":"Overload Mitigation of Inertial Grid-Forming Inverters Under Frequency Excursions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410232103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app15105316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5316/pdf?version=1746799407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5316/pdf?version=1746799407","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039593751","display_name":"Ander Ordo\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-2036","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-2036"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ander Ordono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-2036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081647802","display_name":"Alain Sanchez-Ruiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-9262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-9262"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alain Sanchez-Ruiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5527-9262","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040446910","display_name":"Markel Zubiaga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-3117","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-3117"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markel Zubiaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-3117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013089522","display_name":"Francisco Javier Asensio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8241-1257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8241-1257"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Javier Asensio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8241-1257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108163003","display_name":"Javier Rodriguez-Gongora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0612-4542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0612-4542"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Rodriguez-Gongora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0612-4542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20600 Eibar, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039593751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":1.1492,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75307341,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"5316","last_page":"5316"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid-forming-inverters","display_name":"grid-forming inverters","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-excursions","display_name":"frequency excursions","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-support","display_name":"inertial support","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-frequency-control","display_name":"primary frequency control","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter-synchronization","display_name":"inverter synchronization","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-oscillations","display_name":"frequency oscillations","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-stability","display_name":"power system stability","score":0.4519999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.5227603912353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.49697378277778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3472690284252167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3337336778640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19977045059204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.15912500023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13085734844207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app15105316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5316/pdf?version=1746799407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:addi.ehu.eus:10810/74694","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10810/74694","pdf_url":"http://addi.ehu.eus/bitstream/10810/74694/1/applsci-15-05316-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401964","display_name":"Communities in ADDI (University of the Basque Country)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","host_organization_name":"University of the Basque Country","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1273a46281c44279ba365ab261b08245","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1273a46281c44279ba365ab261b08245","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 15, Iss 10, p 5316 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hispana.mcu.es:60824611","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10810/74694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196108","display_name":"Hispana","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app15105316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105316","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/10/5316/pdf?version=1746799407","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8485000133514404}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3064341732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GISEL research group IT1522-22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4717224722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IT1522\u201022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","funder_display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","ror":"https://ror.org/00pz2fp31"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410232103.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410232103.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1667583992","https://openalex.org/W2767537516","https://openalex.org/W2777768351","https://openalex.org/W2787663477","https://openalex.org/W2973818296","https://openalex.org/W2983902458","https://openalex.org/W2996323006","https://openalex.org/W3047020098","https://openalex.org/W3070492671","https://openalex.org/W3095852123","https://openalex.org/W3154122279","https://openalex.org/W3155743176","https://openalex.org/W3197839082","https://openalex.org/W3215341229","https://openalex.org/W4212901717","https://openalex.org/W4221103214","https://openalex.org/W4226159291","https://openalex.org/W4235743092","https://openalex.org/W4283835641","https://openalex.org/W4285242236","https://openalex.org/W4292969013","https://openalex.org/W4312939821","https://openalex.org/W4319067712","https://openalex.org/W4366447374","https://openalex.org/W4378842943","https://openalex.org/W4382058658","https://openalex.org/W4383890371","https://openalex.org/W4385151731","https://openalex.org/W4386072025","https://openalex.org/W4391333515","https://openalex.org/W4392449422","https://openalex.org/W4392549435","https://openalex.org/W4400121093","https://openalex.org/W4400770948","https://openalex.org/W4401608704","https://openalex.org/W4404469533","https://openalex.org/W4405996298","https://openalex.org/W4406325132","https://openalex.org/W4407253260","https://openalex.org/W4408302076","https://openalex.org/W4408338694","https://openalex.org/W7066367608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Grid-forming":[0],"(GFM)":[1],"inverters":[2,43],"play":[3],"a":[4,23],"critical":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7],"stabilizing":[8],"future":[9],"power":[10],"grids.":[11],"However,":[12],"their":[13,57,61,123],"synchronization":[14],"is":[15,90,113],"inherently":[16],"coupled":[17],"with":[18],"frequency":[19,45,53,80,117],"support,":[20],"which":[21],"poses":[22],"challenge":[24],"to":[25,37,125],"prevent":[26],"overloading":[27],"while":[28],"maintaining":[29],"synchronization.":[30],"While":[31],"existing":[32],"literature":[33],"has":[34],"proposed":[35],"strategies":[36,74,112],"mitigate":[38],"the":[39,94,100],"overload":[40,72],"of":[41,87,93,110],"GFM":[42],"during":[44],"excursions,":[46],"these":[47,111],"typically":[48],"focus":[49],"on":[50,122],"limiting":[51,60],"primary":[52,79],"regulation":[54,81],"and":[55,82,105,119,128],"overlook":[56],"inertial":[58],"contribution,":[59],"effectiveness.":[62],"The":[63,84,108],"present":[64],"work":[65,89],"addresses":[66],"this":[67,88],"gap":[68],"by":[69],"analyzing":[70],"three":[71],"mitigation":[73],"that":[75],"dynamically":[76],"adjust":[77],"both":[78],"inertia.":[83],"main":[85],"contribution":[86],"formal":[91],"analysis":[92],"control":[95],"structures,":[96],"providing":[97],"insight":[98],"into":[99],"tuning":[101],"process,":[102],"dynamic":[103],"behavior,":[104],"inherent":[106],"trade-offs.":[107],"performance":[109],"evaluated":[114],"under":[115],"grid":[116],"excursions":[118],"oscillations,":[120],"focusing":[121],"ability":[124],"limit":[126],"overloads":[127],"ensure":[129],"seamless":[130],"recovery.":[131],"Simulation":[132],"results":[133],"are":[134],"validated":[135],"through":[136],"experimental":[137],"testing.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
