{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410116554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","title":"Open the Black Box of Autonomous Learning: A Sustainable Approach to Language Learning","display_name":"Open the Black Box of Autonomous Learning: A Sustainable Approach to Language Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410116554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","pdf_url":"https://jtl.uwindsor.ca/index.php/jtl/article/download/9005/6014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205440","display_name":"Journal of Teaching and Learning","issn_l":"1492-1154","issn":["1492-1154","1911-8279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312905","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312905"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Windsor"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Teaching and Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://jtl.uwindsor.ca/index.php/jtl/article/download/9005/6014","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031508624","display_name":"Hoo Fang Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-6752","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-6752"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"FANG JING HOO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-6752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015440604","display_name":"Mohd Amin Mohd Noh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-6085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-6085"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93189275","display_name":"Selangor Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vkd8x05","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93189275"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MOHD AMIN MOHD NOH","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Islam Selangor"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-6085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Islam Selangor","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93189275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019627710","display_name":"Zur'ain Harun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-1339","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-1339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93189275","display_name":"Selangor Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vkd8x05","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93189275"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ZUR 'AIN HARUN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Islam Selangor"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-1339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Islam Selangor","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93189275"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"RAIHAN IBRAHIM","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9211"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"RAIHAN IBRAHIM","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041787135","display_name":"Nur 'Ain Mohsin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2860-4832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2860-4832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138650","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA System","ror":"https://ror.org/030847t23","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"NUR' AIN MOHSIN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi MARA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2860-4832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138650","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.6158,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98401435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"98","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.8389000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.8389000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.1046999990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13895","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Innovation","score":0.020999999716877937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-directed-learning","display_name":"self-directed learning","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"English as a foreign language","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifelong-learning","display_name":"lifelong learning","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-regulation","display_name":"student self-regulation","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-reflection","display_name":"student reflection","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-responsibility","display_name":"personal responsibility","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-esteem","display_name":"self-esteem","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving","display_name":"problem solving","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-thinking","display_name":"critical thinking","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-motivation","display_name":"student motivation","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructor-support","display_name":"instructor support","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-development","display_name":"curriculum development","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability-of-learning","display_name":"sustainability of learning","score":0.6320000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.6443688869476318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47794583439826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38664472103118896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","pdf_url":"https://jtl.uwindsor.ca/index.php/jtl/article/download/9005/6014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205440","display_name":"Journal of Teaching and Learning","issn_l":"1492-1154","issn":["1492-1154","1911-8279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312905","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312905"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Windsor"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Teaching and Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ab055013bb9245178a96fbda46cc6b33","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ab055013bb9245178a96fbda46cc6b33","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Teaching and Learning, Vol 19, Iss 2 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:erudit.org:1118262ar","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1118262ar","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196102","display_name":"\u00c9rudit (Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","pdf_url":"https://jtl.uwindsor.ca/index.php/jtl/article/download/9005/6014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205440","display_name":"Journal of Teaching and Learning","issn_l":"1492-1154","issn":["1492-1154","1911-8279"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310312905","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310312905"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Windsor"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Teaching and Learning","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410116554.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410116554.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38912530","https://openalex.org/W1556686995","https://openalex.org/W1799214817","https://openalex.org/W2058696290","https://openalex.org/W2062428352","https://openalex.org/W2160527383","https://openalex.org/W2214059521","https://openalex.org/W2794376663","https://openalex.org/W2999859704","https://openalex.org/W3007151319","https://openalex.org/W3010626302","https://openalex.org/W3034176398","https://openalex.org/W3091995338","https://openalex.org/W3124328199","https://openalex.org/W3162667210","https://openalex.org/W3167027609","https://openalex.org/W3180003524","https://openalex.org/W4210580181","https://openalex.org/W4306787866","https://openalex.org/W4319224995","https://openalex.org/W6997228477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166518151","https://openalex.org/W2568058061","https://openalex.org/W2343272122","https://openalex.org/W4400107204","https://openalex.org/W2387308181","https://openalex.org/W7220052342","https://openalex.org/W6912094042","https://openalex.org/W4411780254","https://openalex.org/W6980504754","https://openalex.org/W7219518386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0,79],"learning":[1,55,66,71,143],"is":[2,46,144],"a":[3,24,133],"fundamental":[4],"aspect":[5],"of":[6,43,51,75,116,178],"education":[7],"that":[8,141,147],"builds":[9],"important":[10,20],"skills,":[11,126],"like":[12],"critical":[13,127],"thinking,":[14],"problem-solving,":[15,124],"and":[16,35,59,90,128,132,146,150,157,174],"adaptability,":[17],"which":[18],"are":[19],"for":[21,136,170],"achievement":[22],"in":[23],"constantly":[25],"changing":[26],"professional":[27],"environment.":[28],"Cultivating":[29],"it":[30],"promotes":[31],"lifelong":[32,70],"learning,":[33],"self-improvement,":[34],"knowledge":[36],"beyond":[37],"traditional":[38],"educational":[39],"settings.":[40],"The":[41,109,138],"objective":[42],"this":[44],"study":[45,86,160],"to":[47,57,63,162,167],"demonstrate":[48],"the":[49,52,65,73,112,176],"impact":[50],"investigated":[53],"autonomous":[54,142],"approach":[56],"learners,":[58],"assess":[60],"their":[61,179],"ability":[62],"sustain":[64],"process,":[67],"hence":[68],"fostering":[69],"within":[72],"framework":[74],"formal":[76],"education.":[77],"An":[78],"Learning":[80],"Model":[81],"(ALM)":[82],"based":[83],"14-week":[84],"qualitative":[85],"examined":[87,111],"learners'":[88],"work":[89],"reflections.":[91],"Theme-based":[92],"analysis":[93,104],"was":[94],"conducted":[95],"with":[96],"62":[97],"fourth-semester":[98],"English-language":[99],"learners.":[100],"A":[101],"six-stage":[102],"thematic":[103],"discovered":[105],"coded":[106],"responses'":[107],"themes.":[108],"ALM":[110],"following":[113],"key":[114],"aspects":[115],"individual":[117],"development:":[118],"personal":[119],"responsibility,":[120],"positive":[121],"self-esteem,":[122],"decision-making,":[123],"interpersonal":[125],"creative":[129],"thinking":[130],"abilities,":[131],"strong":[134],"enthusiasm":[135],"learning.":[137,180],"results":[139],"showed":[140],"achievable,":[145],"instructors\u2019":[148],"support":[149],"institutional":[151],"collaboration":[152],"will":[153],"improve":[154],"new":[155],"curriculum":[156],"courses.":[158],"This":[159],"aims":[161],"enhance":[163],"semester-end":[164],"evaluations,":[165],"leading":[166],"significant":[168],"improvements":[169],"future":[171],"language-programed":[172],"learners":[173],"ensuring":[175],"sustainability":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-05-07T00:00:00"}
