{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410070985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","title":"Access to Blood Glucose Testing in Peru: Who Is Getting Tested?","display_name":"Access to Blood Glucose Testing in Peru: Who Is Getting Tested?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410070985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40407561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3986/6/2/20/pdf?version=1746283066","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219439","display_name":"Epidemiologia","issn_l":"2673-3986","issn":["2673-3986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3986/6/2/20/pdf?version=1746283066","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044157708","display_name":"Jamee Guerra Valencia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-2512","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-2512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42923333","display_name":"Private University of the North","ror":"https://ror.org/05t6q2334","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42923333"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamee Guerra Valencia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima 15314, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-2512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima 15314, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42923333"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091005520","display_name":"Akram Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010V\u00e1squez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I271457894","display_name":"Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola","ror":"https://ror.org/03vgk3f90","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I271457894"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akram Hern\u00e1ndez-V\u00e1squez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Econ\u00f3micas y Sociales en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Econ\u00f3micas y Sociales en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I271457894"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016781916","display_name":"Carlos Rojas\u2010Roque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-1550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-1550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Rojas-Roque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061343501","display_name":"Rodrigo Vargas\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3310-8689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3310-8689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I263512288","display_name":"Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur","ror":"https://ror.org/04xr5we72","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I263512288"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Vargas-Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epidemiology and Health Economics Research (EHER), Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epidemiology and Health Economics Research (EHER), Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I263512288"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091005520"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I271457894"],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1448},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1448},"fwci":0.8494,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71182239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"20","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14212","display_name":"Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention","score":0.6435999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14212","display_name":"Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention","score":0.6435999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.09969999641180038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.09149999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-glucose-monitoring","display_name":"blood glucose monitoring","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-screening","display_name":"diabetes screening","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overweight","display_name":"overweight","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"obesity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-inequality","display_name":"socioeconomic disparities","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-disparities","display_name":"regional disparities","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-preventive-care","display_name":"access to preventive care","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undiagnosed-diabetes","display_name":"undiagnosed diabetes","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peru","display_name":"Peru","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wealth-index","display_name":"wealth index","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-residence","display_name":"rural residence","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-disparities","display_name":"gender disparities","score":0.5809999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.8055658340454102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332428","display_name":"Overweight","level":3,"score":0.8032279014587402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.696412980556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.6067460179328918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131191","display_name":"Body mass index","level":2,"score":0.5563209652900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.5400692820549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5350948572158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4769101142883301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.4479297995567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4305768311023712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3947027921676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.19487950205802917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12538254261016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3986/6/2/20/pdf?version=1746283066","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219439","display_name":"Epidemiologia","issn_l":"2673-3986","issn":["2673-3986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40407561","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40407561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:233296","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-1550>","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/233296/1/epidemiologia-06-00020.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12101171","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12101171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiologia (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:af288e7950ec4a2d82ebf0ed5193fc0f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/af288e7950ec4a2d82ebf0ed5193fc0f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiologia, Vol 6, Iss 2, p 20 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3986/6/2/20/pdf?version=1746283066","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219439","display_name":"Epidemiologia","issn_l":"2673-3986","issn":["2673-3986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Epidemiologia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410070985.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410070985.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565529850","https://openalex.org/W1872185361","https://openalex.org/W1978037194","https://openalex.org/W1985366327","https://openalex.org/W1996603934","https://openalex.org/W2035602559","https://openalex.org/W2077573635","https://openalex.org/W2106311978","https://openalex.org/W2122599443","https://openalex.org/W2137516741","https://openalex.org/W2139545718","https://openalex.org/W2142932131","https://openalex.org/W2148400342","https://openalex.org/W2152072764","https://openalex.org/W2156759043","https://openalex.org/W2238687420","https://openalex.org/W2262966321","https://openalex.org/W2550875954","https://openalex.org/W2949421457","https://openalex.org/W2990581188","https://openalex.org/W3022423927","https://openalex.org/W3037745462","https://openalex.org/W3083279671","https://openalex.org/W3120690198","https://openalex.org/W3179144271","https://openalex.org/W3194710570","https://openalex.org/W3205779276","https://openalex.org/W4200533463","https://openalex.org/W4200594046","https://openalex.org/W4235321056","https://openalex.org/W4281905129","https://openalex.org/W4285082031","https://openalex.org/W4295427503","https://openalex.org/W4317567499","https://openalex.org/W4381799391","https://openalex.org/W4385851735","https://openalex.org/W4389402954","https://openalex.org/W4392501096","https://openalex.org/W4401562714","https://openalex.org/W6770882570","https://openalex.org/W6782414961","https://openalex.org/W6839683552","https://openalex.org/W6855772393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102483815","https://openalex.org/W236355199","https://openalex.org/W1842607881","https://openalex.org/W2005900879","https://openalex.org/W2158854695","https://openalex.org/W2576345314","https://openalex.org/W2027430045","https://openalex.org/W186127209","https://openalex.org/W2104088531","https://openalex.org/W2399319687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:":[0],"Significant":[1],"disparities":[2],"in":[3,32,102,139,221],"access":[4,46],"to":[5,18,37,47,79,98,120,129,136,174,210],"diabetes":[6,220],"screening":[7,87,208],"persist,":[8],"particularly":[9],"among":[10],"populations":[11],"with":[12,45,74],"limited":[13],"healthcare":[14,203],"access.":[15],"We":[16,52,67,89,123],"aimed":[17],"estimate":[19],"the":[20,33,39,60,80,112,118,131,152,171,195,212,216],"proportion":[21],"of":[22,134,218],"overweight-obese":[23],"Peruvian":[24],"adults":[25,69],"who":[26],"underwent":[27],"blood":[28],"glucose":[29],"testing":[30],"(BGT)":[31],"past":[34],"year":[35],"and":[36,41,62,94,154,166,183,205,214],"analyse":[38],"socioeconomic":[40,100,137],"geographic":[42],"inequalities":[43,101,138],"associated":[44],"this":[48,175,188],"preventive":[49],"intervention.":[50],"METHODS:":[51],"conducted":[53,125],"a":[54,108,126,145],"cross-sectional":[55],"study":[56],"using":[57,107],"data":[58],"from":[59],"Demographic":[61],"Family":[63],"Health":[64],"Survey":[65],"2023.":[66],"included":[68],"aged":[70],"35-70":[71],"years":[72],"diagnosed":[73],"overweight":[75],"or":[76],"obesity,":[77],"according":[78],"United":[81],"States":[82],"Preventive":[83],"Services":[84],"Task":[85],"Force":[86],"recommendation.":[88],"used":[90,116],"concentration":[91,95],"curves":[92],"(CC)":[93],"indices":[96],"(CI)":[97],"assess":[99],"BGT.":[103,140],"BGT":[104],"was":[105,115,149],"ascertained":[106],"self-reported":[109],"question,":[110],"while":[111],"wealth":[113,156],"index":[114],"as":[117,201],"variable":[119],"measure":[121],"inequality.":[122],"also":[124],"decomposition":[127,159],"analysis":[128,160],"determine":[130],"relative":[132],"contributions":[133],"covariates":[135],"RESULTS:":[141],"<":[142],"0.001).":[143],"Notably,":[144],"27-point":[146],"prevalence":[147],"difference":[148],"reported":[150],"between":[151],"lowest":[153],"highest":[155],"index.":[157],"The":[158,192],"showed":[161],"that":[162],"higher":[163],"education":[164,181],"(+64%)":[165],"rural":[167],"areas":[168],"(+10.6%)":[169],"were":[170],"main":[172],"contributors":[173],"pro-rich":[176,189],"concentration.":[177,190],"In":[178],"contrast,":[179],"secondary":[180],"(-4.7%)":[182],"female":[184],"gender":[185],"(-3.4%)":[186],"reduced":[187],"CONCLUSIONS:":[191],"results":[193],"underscore":[194],"need":[196],"for":[197],"targeted":[198],"strategies,":[199],"such":[200],"enhancing":[202],"infrastructure":[204],"implementing":[206],"localized":[207],"initiatives,":[209],"close":[211],"gap":[213],"address":[215],"burden":[217],"undiagnosed":[219],"high-risk":[222],"populations.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2025-05-05T00:00:00"}