{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410068618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","title":"Vision-Based Activity Recognition for Unobtrusive Monitoring of the Elderly in Care Settings","display_name":"Vision-Based Activity Recognition for Unobtrusive Monitoring of the Elderly in Care Settings","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410068618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies13050184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/13/5/184/pdf?version=1746366636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/13/5/184/pdf?version=1746366636","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066659045","display_name":"Rahmat Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-5164","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-5164"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rahmat Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-5164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018625381","display_name":"Ikram Asghar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-4543","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-4543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874055015","display_name":"Teesside University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z28gk75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874055015"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikram Asghar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing & Games, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-4543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing & Games, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874055015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054603187","display_name":"Saeed Akbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-9318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-9318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145034","display_name":"Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ke3vc41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145034"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Akbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical & Numerical Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar 25150, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-9318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical & Numerical Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar 25150, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072729921","display_name":"Gareth Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4657-9076","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4657-9076"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128993996","display_name":"University of South Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/02mzn7s88","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128993996"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gareth Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence in Mobile and Emerging Technologies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 4BD, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4657-9076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence in Mobile and Emerging Technologies, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 4BD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128993996"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028415400","display_name":"Justus Vermaak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justus Vermaak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Skystrm Limited, Barry CF62 5BE, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Skystrm Limited, Barry CF62 5BE, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074902915","display_name":"Abdulaziz Alblwi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-5145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-5145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Alblwi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Applied College, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5664-5145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Applied College, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045092776","display_name":"Amna Bamaqa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-7956","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-7956"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amna Bamaqa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Applied College, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-7956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Applied College, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066659045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":2.6338,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90712062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"184","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11977","display_name":"Technology Use by Older Adults","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2717","display_name":"Geriatrics and Gerontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11376","display_name":"Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2717","display_name":"Geriatrics and Gerontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"activity recognition","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elderly-monitoring","display_name":"elderly monitoring","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-intrusive-monitoring","display_name":"non-intrusive monitoring","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/care-homes","display_name":"care homes","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-difference","display_name":"frame difference","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared-sensors","display_name":"infrared sensors","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"privacy preservation","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-response","display_name":"emergency response","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.3440000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018200157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q437458","display_name":"Elderly care","level":2,"score":0.45975637435913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4310115575790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.40070515871047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3608365058898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34050533175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.31563687324523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2668551802635193}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies13050184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/13/5/184/pdf?version=1746366636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://research.tees.ac.uk/ws/oai:openaire/02d9b18c-7745-4981-8055-d56212b2451e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/publications/02d9b18c-7745-4981-8055-d56212b2451e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401198","display_name":"TeesRep (Teesside University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I874055015","host_organization_name":"Teesside University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874055015"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ullah, R, Asghar, I, Akbar, S, Evans, G, Vermaak, J, Alblwi, A & Bamaqa, A 2025, 'Vision-Based Activity Recognition for Unobtrusive Monitoring of the Elderly in Care Settings', Technologies, vol. 13, no. 5, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.essex.ac.uk:40804","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","pdf_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/40804/1/technologies-13-00184.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401236","display_name":"Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","host_organization_name":"University of Essex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04a126ddc8034d6487f0ed38192e0dc1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04a126ddc8034d6487f0ed38192e0dc1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Technologies, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 184 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/technologies13050184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13050184","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/13/5/184/pdf?version=1746366636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738348041","display_name":"Technologies","issn_l":"2227-7080","issn":["2227-7080"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316111","display_name":"Llywodraeth Cymru","ror":"https://ror.org/000wh6t45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410068618.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410068618.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031751002","https://openalex.org/W2034899024","https://openalex.org/W2765275233","https://openalex.org/W2885047492","https://openalex.org/W2971238440","https://openalex.org/W3025341145","https://openalex.org/W3154495231","https://openalex.org/W3175939302","https://openalex.org/W3183439693","https://openalex.org/W3210766530","https://openalex.org/W4210667240","https://openalex.org/W4214594387","https://openalex.org/W4283359809","https://openalex.org/W4313479194","https://openalex.org/W4319294425","https://openalex.org/W4323365046","https://openalex.org/W4362496623","https://openalex.org/W4365452891","https://openalex.org/W4376128949","https://openalex.org/W4378895615","https://openalex.org/W4384925144","https://openalex.org/W4386261984","https://openalex.org/W4388449331","https://openalex.org/W4390349622","https://openalex.org/W4390520057","https://openalex.org/W4390738727","https://openalex.org/W4391597425","https://openalex.org/W4392014367","https://openalex.org/W4393203940","https://openalex.org/W4393356899","https://openalex.org/W4396893786"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362496623","https://openalex.org/W4406322837","https://openalex.org/W2997019406","https://openalex.org/W7148616614","https://openalex.org/W3198512131","https://openalex.org/W2160287602","https://openalex.org/W4404371096","https://openalex.org/W4400813244","https://openalex.org/W4393969658","https://openalex.org/W7160148715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,115,130,149],"global":[2],"population":[3],"ages,":[4],"robust":[5],"technological":[6],"solutions":[7],"are":[8],"increasingly":[9],"necessary":[10],"to":[11,37,66],"support":[12],"and":[13,34,39,60,100,120,147,151],"enhance":[14],"elderly":[15,44,144],"autonomy":[16],"in-home":[17],"or":[18],"care":[19,47,90,145],"settings.":[20],"This":[21],"paper":[22],"presents":[23],"a":[24,52,138],"novel":[25],"computer":[26],"vision-based":[27],"activity":[28],"monitoring":[29],"system":[30,50,82,116],"that":[31],"uses":[32],"cameras":[33],"infrared":[35],"sensors":[36],"detect":[38],"analyze":[40],"daily":[41,113],"activities":[42],"of":[43,78,153],"individuals":[45],"in":[46,96,112],"environments.":[48],"The":[49,81,126],"integrates":[51],"frame":[53,106],"differencing":[54,107],"algorithm":[55],"with":[56],"adjustable":[57],"sensitivity":[58],"parameters":[59],"an":[61],"anomaly":[62],"detection":[63],"model":[64],"tailored":[65],"identify":[67],"deviations":[68],"from":[69],"individual":[70],"behavior":[71],"patterns":[72],"without":[73],"relying":[74],"on":[75],"large":[76],"volumes":[77],"labeled":[79],"data.":[80],"was":[83],"validated":[84],"through":[85,104],"real-world":[86],"deployments":[87],"across":[88],"multiple":[89],"home":[91],"rooms,":[92],"demonstrating":[93],"significant":[94],"improvements":[95],"emergency":[97],"response":[98],"times":[99],"ensuring":[101],"resident":[102],"privacy":[103],"anonymized":[105],"views.":[108],"Upon":[109],"detecting":[110],"anomalies":[111],"routines,":[114],"promptly":[117],"alerts":[118],"caregivers":[119],"family":[121],"members,":[122],"facilitating":[123],"immediate":[124],"intervention.":[125],"experimental":[127],"results":[128],"confirm":[129],"system\u2019s":[131],"capability":[132],"for":[133,141],"unobtrusive,":[134],"continuous":[135],"monitoring,":[136],"laying":[137],"strong":[139],"foundation":[140],"scalable":[142],"remote":[143],"services":[146],"enhancing":[148],"safety":[150],"independence":[152],"vulnerable":[154],"older":[155],"individuals.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2025-05-05T00:00:00"}