{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409906985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","title":"Facile planetary ball mill synthesis, structural, photoluminescence, linear, and nonlinear optical features of Erbium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles","display_name":"Facile planetary ball mill synthesis, structural, photoluminescence, linear, and nonlinear optical features of Erbium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409906985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52123058","display_name":"Applied Physics A","issn_l":"0947-8396","issn":["0947-8396","1432-0630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043799996","display_name":"Mohamed Mahmoud El-desoky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-1504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-1504"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130009713","display_name":"Suez University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndhrx30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. M. El-Desoky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43221, Suez, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-1504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43221, Suez, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004377572","display_name":"M. AbdElRazek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130009713","display_name":"Suez University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndhrx30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. E. Abd-Elrazek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43221, Suez, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43221, Suez, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073172876","display_name":"Ahmed Mourtada Elseman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-9866","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-9866"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136241","display_name":"Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03j96nc67","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094263","https://openalex.org/I4210136241"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Mourtada Elseman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Magnetic Laboratory, Advanced Materials Division, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Helwan, P.O. Box 87, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Magnetic Laboratory, Advanced Materials Division, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Helwan, P.O. Box 87, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136241"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004487772","display_name":"Ibrahim Morad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0359-8805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0359-8805"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130009713","display_name":"Suez University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndhrx30","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Morad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43221, Suez, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43221, Suez, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004487772","https://openalex.org/A5043799996"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130009713"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"fwci":0.6638,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58323395,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"131","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10024","display_name":"TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10024","display_name":"TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10090","display_name":"ZnO doping and properties","score":0.023800000548362732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11788","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles","display_name":"titanium dioxide nanoparticles","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planetary-ball-milling","display_name":"planetary ball milling","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annealing-temperature","display_name":"annealing temperature","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoluminescence","display_name":"photoluminescence","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-optical-properties","display_name":"nonlinear optical properties","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-optical-properties","display_name":"linear optical properties","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-band-gap","display_name":"optical band gap","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbach-energy","display_name":"Urbach energy","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wemple-didomenico-model","display_name":"Wemple-DiDomenico model","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-refractive-index","display_name":"nonlinear refractive index","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-susceptibility","display_name":"optical susceptibility","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-recombination","display_name":"charge recombination","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-materials","display_name":"photovoltaic materials","score":0.675000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85080765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614893","display_name":"Photoluminescence","level":2,"score":0.8193849325180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132186339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781139","display_name":"Ball mill","level":2,"score":0.6832644939422607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57863236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130571","display_name":"Doping","level":2,"score":0.625786304473877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513967374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849","display_name":"Erbium","level":3,"score":0.6135275959968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.6111462712287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5769014358520508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5230432748794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122041747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838611","display_name":"Ball (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47522833943367004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991936344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optical","level":3,"score":0.46586015820503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4531562030315399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3748425543308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.35019350051879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3323110342025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.25008612871170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1822742521762848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0962701141834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07801976799964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07587170600891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52123058","display_name":"Applied Physics A","issn_l":"0947-8396","issn":["0947-8396","1432-0630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics A","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00339-025-08493-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52123058","display_name":"Applied Physics A","issn_l":"0947-8396","issn":["0947-8396","1432-0630"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331372","display_name":"Suez University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ndhrx30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409906985.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409906985.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15668222","https://openalex.org/W1964851973","https://openalex.org/W1965990744","https://openalex.org/W1966084295","https://openalex.org/W1966287123","https://openalex.org/W1980704616","https://openalex.org/W1981786116","https://openalex.org/W1988399094","https://openalex.org/W1989318710","https://openalex.org/W1991252046","https://openalex.org/W2005734315","https://openalex.org/W2023120720","https://openalex.org/W2024763136","https://openalex.org/W2033735531","https://openalex.org/W2035556653","https://openalex.org/W2036677864","https://openalex.org/W2048003041","https://openalex.org/W2052588190","https://openalex.org/W2059837998","https://openalex.org/W2060190635","https://openalex.org/W2061905891","https://openalex.org/W2063836719","https://openalex.org/W2069793053","https://openalex.org/W2071808842","https://openalex.org/W2071951719","https://openalex.org/W2076653766","https://openalex.org/W2078673322","https://openalex.org/W2080084603","https://openalex.org/W2081429777","https://openalex.org/W2084885390","https://openalex.org/W2088625673","https://openalex.org/W2094764538","https://openalex.org/W2101486074","https://openalex.org/W2112265769","https://openalex.org/W2117392963","https://openalex.org/W2303365718","https://openalex.org/W2327857279","https://openalex.org/W2519496860","https://openalex.org/W2527309544","https://openalex.org/W2605397247","https://openalex.org/W2767280557","https://openalex.org/W2789419858","https://openalex.org/W2889969903","https://openalex.org/W2902386805","https://openalex.org/W2940054179","https://openalex.org/W2954221614","https://openalex.org/W2956844061","https://openalex.org/W2979789650","https://openalex.org/W2999875428","https://openalex.org/W3014695028","https://openalex.org/W3047630211","https://openalex.org/W3081982776","https://openalex.org/W3092039481","https://openalex.org/W4229042592","https://openalex.org/W4297901281","https://openalex.org/W4307164172","https://openalex.org/W4313397827","https://openalex.org/W4361221005","https://openalex.org/W4362721133","https://openalex.org/W4380318598","https://openalex.org/W4384564457","https://openalex.org/W4385418924","https://openalex.org/W4385647905","https://openalex.org/W4389003565","https://openalex.org/W4391160426","https://openalex.org/W4392244841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2939712944","https://openalex.org/W4385647905","https://openalex.org/W7124287882","https://openalex.org/W2297668580","https://openalex.org/W2889969903","https://openalex.org/W2900718186","https://openalex.org/W2973029334","https://openalex.org/W2966888973","https://openalex.org/W3196063728","https://openalex.org/W4378418456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Pure":[1],"TiO2":[2,5,38,44,72,78],"and":[3,26,32,53,96,113,135,161,169,171,182,230],"Er-doped":[4,37,77],"nanoparticles":[6,39,45],"were":[7,46,129],"prepared":[8],"via":[9,139],"a":[10,186,193,204],"high-energy":[11],"planetary":[12],"ball":[13],"mill":[14],"for":[15,70,76],"photovoltaic":[16],"applications.":[17],"The":[18,29,56,106,126,175],"doped":[19],"sample":[20],"was":[21,89,93],"annealed":[22,83,104],"at":[23,84,209],"350,":[24],"550":[25],"750":[27,102],"\u00b0C.":[28,86],"structural,":[30],"linear,":[31],"nonlinear":[33,136,166],"optical":[34,137,141,147,173],"properties":[35,138],"of":[36,40,59,221],"Er3+":[41],"doping":[42,183,198],"on":[43],"investigated":[47],"using":[48,110,158],"XRD,":[49,65],"FTIR,":[50],"HRTEM,":[51],"photoluminescence,":[52],"UV\u2013visible":[54],"measurements.":[55],"crystal":[57],"sizes":[58],"all":[60],"samples,":[61],"as":[62],"determined":[63],"by":[64],"range":[66],"from":[67],"24.55":[68],"nm":[69,75],"pure":[71],"to":[73,101,131,188,197,218],"33.17\u201333.17":[74],"nanoparticles,":[79],"that":[80,91],"have":[81],"been":[82],"350\u2013750":[85],"Thus,":[87],"it":[88],"confirmed":[90],"there":[92],"high":[94,97],"crystallinity":[95],"phase":[98],"stability":[99],"up":[100],"\u00b0C":[103],"temperature.":[105],"XRD":[107],"results":[108,184],"estimated":[109],"Scherrer's":[111],"equation":[112],"the":[114,119,133,159,207,219],"particle":[115],"size":[116],"observed":[117],"in":[118,185,206,228],"TEM":[120],"image":[121],"are":[122],"well":[123],"agreed":[124],"upon.":[125],"obtained":[127],"spectra":[128],"used":[130],"investigate":[132],"linear":[134],"various":[140],"parameters,":[142],"including":[143],"static":[144],"refractive":[145,167],"index,":[146,168],"band":[148,152,177],"gap":[149,178],"energy,":[150,154],"Urbach":[151],"tail":[153],"dispersion":[155],"energy":[156],"parameters":[157],"Wemple":[160],"DiDomenico":[162],"(WDD)":[163],"single-oscillator":[164],"model,":[165],"first":[170],"third":[172],"susceptibilities.":[174],"calculated":[176],"is":[179],"3.68":[180],"eV,":[181],"reduction":[187],"3.62":[189],"eV.":[190],"Photoluminescence":[191],"produced":[192],"attractive":[194],"result":[195],"due":[196],"reduced":[199],"its":[200],"intensity,":[201],"which":[202,210],"indicates":[203],"decrease":[205],"rate":[208],"charge":[211],"carriers":[212],"recombine.":[213],"These":[214],"findings":[215],"will":[216],"contribute":[217],"development":[220],"novel":[222],"functional":[223],"materials":[224],"with":[225],"potential":[226],"applications":[227],"photonics":[229],"optoelectronics.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-22T09:42:04.148104","created_date":"2025-04-29T00:00:00"}