{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409869680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050231","title":"US Bank Lending to Small Businesses: An Analysis of COVID-19 and the Paycheck Protection Program","display_name":"US Bank Lending to Small Businesses: An Analysis of COVID-19 and the Paycheck Protection Program","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409869680","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jrfm18050231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/18/5/231/pdf?version=1745659480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217951","display_name":"Journal of risk and financial management","issn_l":"1911-8066","issn":["1911-8066","1911-8074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Risk and Financial Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/18/5/231/pdf?version=1745659480","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082655975","display_name":"Benjamin A. Abugri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4310-8866","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4310-8866","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6885-0541"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35462925","display_name":"Southern Connecticut State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ramkd50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35462925","https://openalex.org/I4210132746"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin A. Abugri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Finance, School of Business, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Finance, School of Business, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35462925"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017330845","display_name":"Theophilus Teye Osah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9533-0736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9533-0736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20132289","display_name":"Texas Lutheran University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gsa2724","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20132289"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Theophilus T. Osah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, Texas Lutheran University, Seguin, TX 78155, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, Texas Lutheran University, Seguin, TX 78155, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20132289"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017330845","https://openalex.org/A5082655975"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20132289","https://openalex.org/I35462925"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"fwci":1.849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83124463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"231","last_page":"231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10127","display_name":"Banking stability, regulation, efficiency","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11711","display_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paycheck-protection-program","display_name":"Paycheck Protection Program","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-lending","display_name":"bank lending","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-and-industrial-loans","display_name":"commercial and industrial loans","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-risk-aversion","display_name":"bank risk aversion","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loan-to-deposit-ratio","display_name":"loan to deposit ratio","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-capital-ratios","display_name":"bank capital ratios","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loan-loss-provisions","display_name":"loan loss provisions","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-lending","display_name":"international lending","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bank-profitability","display_name":"bank profitability","score":0.39100000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7274077534675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6184773445129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.42087292671203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.41285815834999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.17485782504081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08742037415504456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jrfm18050231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/18/5/231/pdf?version=1745659480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217951","display_name":"Journal of risk and financial management","issn_l":"1911-8066","issn":["1911-8066","1911-8074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Risk and Financial Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:18:y:2025:i:5:p:231-:d:1643264","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/18/5/231/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jrfm18050231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050231","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/18/5/231/pdf?version=1745659480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217951","display_name":"Journal of risk and financial management","issn_l":"1911-8066","issn":["1911-8066","1911-8074"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Risk and Financial Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9211000204086304}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409869680.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409869680.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972788793","https://openalex.org/W1990590782","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2096822894","https://openalex.org/W2096874528","https://openalex.org/W2118889105","https://openalex.org/W2124320599","https://openalex.org/W2142831770","https://openalex.org/W2143853682","https://openalex.org/W2151666457","https://openalex.org/W2577227262","https://openalex.org/W2763289019","https://openalex.org/W2955450200","https://openalex.org/W2980758923","https://openalex.org/W3033288982","https://openalex.org/W3084511695","https://openalex.org/W3092368300","https://openalex.org/W3104548470","https://openalex.org/W3121192107","https://openalex.org/W3121403162","https://openalex.org/W3121806304","https://openalex.org/W3122150261","https://openalex.org/W3122893082","https://openalex.org/W3123115968","https://openalex.org/W3123160514","https://openalex.org/W3123478739","https://openalex.org/W3123507369","https://openalex.org/W3123703532","https://openalex.org/W3124150409","https://openalex.org/W3125000257","https://openalex.org/W3125678515","https://openalex.org/W3136657923","https://openalex.org/W3141571953","https://openalex.org/W3147757508","https://openalex.org/W3167614218","https://openalex.org/W3174911569","https://openalex.org/W3188475139","https://openalex.org/W3202934807","https://openalex.org/W4200287128","https://openalex.org/W4206486902","https://openalex.org/W4206978727","https://openalex.org/W4280613039","https://openalex.org/W4285663609","https://openalex.org/W4310497749","https://openalex.org/W4319788307","https://openalex.org/W4385256350","https://openalex.org/W4388047574","https://openalex.org/W4392360261","https://openalex.org/W6745006909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3142910596","https://openalex.org/W6982393751","https://openalex.org/W3174911569","https://openalex.org/W4389239697","https://openalex.org/W3108567884","https://openalex.org/W7163584529","https://openalex.org/W4200287128","https://openalex.org/W4401528379","https://openalex.org/W4206567692","https://openalex.org/W7057892458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,29,48,88,101,123,134],"characteristics":[4],"of":[5,125,133],"banks":[6,52,145],"and":[7,19,21,64,91],"their":[8],"lending":[9,111,140,149],"behavior":[10],"in":[11,69,109,154],"relation":[12],"to":[13,25,41,67,81,87,112],"Paycheck":[14],"Protection":[15],"Program":[16],"(PPP)":[17],"loans":[18,24,72,80,128],"commercial":[20],"industrial":[22],"(C&I)":[23,71],"small":[26,113],"businesses":[27,83,114],"during":[28],"COVID-19":[30],"pandemic.":[31],"Our":[32],"findings":[33],"show":[34,143],"that":[35,144],"lenders":[36],"facing":[37],"greater":[38],"risk":[39],"tended":[40],"lend":[42],"more":[43,130],"PPP":[44,77,127,155],"loans,":[45],"consistent":[46],"with":[47,53,100],"risk-aversion":[49],"theory.":[50],"Specifically,":[51],"a":[54,151],"higher":[55,65,76],"loan\u2013deposit":[56,89],"ratio,":[57,95],"lower":[58],"overall":[59],"profitability,":[60],"poorer":[61],"loan":[62,92],"quality,":[63],"exposure":[66],"risks":[68],"business":[70],"are":[73,84,97],"characterized":[74],"by":[75],"loans.":[78],"C&I":[79,110],"all":[82],"negatively":[85],"related":[86],"ratio":[90],"loss":[93],"allowance":[94],"but":[96],"positively":[98],"linked":[99],"capital":[102],"ratio.":[103],"However,":[104],"we":[105,142],"find":[106],"important":[107],"differences":[108],"versus":[115],"large":[116],"businesses.":[117],"Furthermore,":[118],"there":[119],"is":[120],"evidence":[121],"regarding":[122],"success":[124],"targeting":[126],"towards":[129],"productive":[131],"sectors":[132],"US":[135],"economy.":[136],"Using":[137],"FDIC-defined":[138],"banks\u2019":[139],"specializations,":[141],"focused":[146],"on":[147],"international":[148],"had":[150],"limited":[152],"role":[153],"lending.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-04-28T00:00:00"}
