{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409852888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","title":"A Review of the Role of non-Muslims in Islamic Conquests: Political, Social and Moral Criticism","display_name":"A Review of the Role of non-Muslims in Islamic Conquests: Political, Social and Moral Criticism","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409852888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63056/cad.004.01.0100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","pdf_url":"https://academia.edu.pk/index.php/Journals/article/download/114/230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407043232","display_name":"ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences","issn_l":"3006-6638","issn":["3006-6638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4409852888"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academia.edu.pk/index.php/Journals/article/download/114/230","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041886599","display_name":"Nosheen Iqbal Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-701X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-701X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36001604","display_name":"University of Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02t2qwf81","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36001604"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dr. Nosheen Iqbal Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visiting Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Peshawar, Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visiting Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Peshawar, Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36001604"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117343363","display_name":"Bakht Meena Sughra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206573129","display_name":"Islamia College University","ror":"https://ror.org/02p2c1595","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206573129"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dr. Bakht Meena Sughra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visiting Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visiting Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206573129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"629","last_page":"634"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10794","display_name":"Islamic Studies and History","score":0.7890999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10794","display_name":"Islamic Studies and History","score":0.7890999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12999","display_name":"Medieval History and Crusades","score":0.0940999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13815","display_name":"Islamic Thought and Society Studies","score":0.08420000225305557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muslim-conquests","display_name":"Islamic expansion","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prophet-muhammad","display_name":"Prophet Muhammad","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battle-of-badr","display_name":"Battle of Badr","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battle-of-uhud","display_name":"Battle of Uhud","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-islam","display_name":"early Islamic history","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-of-islam","display_name":"spread of Islam","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-historiography","display_name":"Islamic historiography","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-critique","display_name":"moral criticism","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.8371487259864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7991579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955","display_name":"Criticism","level":2,"score":0.8244638442993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.702913761138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777969575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30970737","display_name":"Political Islam","level":4,"score":0.5118109583854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.462538480758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.44905614852905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.40228205919265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.32330042123794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.24311664700508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.23540353775024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.1410096287727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.061834245920181274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","pdf_url":"https://academia.edu.pk/index.php/Journals/article/download/114/230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407043232","display_name":"ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences","issn_l":"3006-6638","issn":["3006-6638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.63056/cad.004.01.0100","pdf_url":"https://academia.edu.pk/index.php/Journals/article/download/114/230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407043232","display_name":"ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences","issn_l":"3006-6638","issn":["3006-6638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409852888.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409852888.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7220316616","https://openalex.org/W7221221265","https://openalex.org/W6907693071","https://openalex.org/W4250340927","https://openalex.org/W7220770388","https://openalex.org/W3088187699","https://openalex.org/W4390280791","https://openalex.org/W7216552538","https://openalex.org/W7219197180","https://openalex.org/W3111331632"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47],"term":[1,172],"\"ghazwa\"":[2],"describes":[3],"conflicts":[4,105],"or":[5,29,129],"expeditions":[6,107],"in":[7,74,174,179],"Islamic":[8,95,122],"history":[9],"when":[10],"the":[11,35,51,56,59,65,76,90,103,110,115,125,168,181],"Prophet":[12,36,77,182],"Muhammad":[13,78,183],"(peace":[14],"be":[15],"upon":[16],"him)":[17],"was":[18,23,79],"physically":[19,81],"present.":[20],"Whether":[21],"it":[22],"a":[24,26,45,192],"conflict,":[25],"peace":[27],"agreement,":[28],"an":[30],"effort":[31],"to":[32,70,85,89,142,177],"spread":[33],"Islam,":[34],"Muhammad's":[37],"presence":[38],"and":[39,55,106,112,165],"participation":[40],"are":[41,62,83,98,167],"essential":[42],"components":[43],"of":[44,49,53,58,64,92,114,127,148,170,195],"ghazwa.":[46,93],"Battle":[48,52,57],"Badr,":[50,154],"Uhud,":[54,155],"Trench":[60],"(Khandaq)":[61],"few":[63],"most":[66],"significant":[67],"ghazwat.":[68],"According":[69,141],"certain":[71],"traditions,":[72],"trips":[73],"which":[75,180],"not":[80,186],"present":[82],"referred":[84],"as":[86],"\"sariyy":[87],"related":[88],"idea":[91],"In":[94],"history,":[96],"ghazwat":[97],"important":[99],"because":[100],"they":[101],"symbolize":[102],"early":[104],"that":[108,135],"influenced":[109],"growth":[111],"dissemination":[113],"religion.":[116],"There":[117],"has":[118],"been":[119],"disagreement":[120],"among":[121],"historians":[123],"over":[124],"quantity":[126],"fights,":[128],"\"Ghazawat\",":[130],"Imam":[131],"Bukhari":[132],"(RA)":[133],"claims":[134],"there":[136],"were":[137],"seventeen":[138],"wars":[139,150],"fought.":[140],"Ibn":[143],"Ishaq":[144],"(RA),":[145],"only":[146],"nine":[147],"these":[149],"really":[151],"included":[152],"warfare.":[153],"Khandaq,":[156],"Bani":[157,159],"Mustalaq,":[158],"Quraizhah,":[160],"Khayber,":[161],"Fathu":[162],"Makkah,":[163],"Hunain,":[164],"Taif":[166],"battles":[169],"these.The":[171],"\"Sariya\"":[173],"Arabic":[175],"refers":[176],"those":[178],"(SAW)":[184],"did":[185],"take":[187],"part":[188],"but":[189],"instead":[190],"assigned":[191],"smaller":[193],"number":[194],"his":[196],"followers.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-04-27T00:00:00"}