{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409764458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092710","title":"Automated Quality Control of Cleaning Processes in Automotive Components Using Blob Analysis","display_name":"Automated Quality Control of Cleaning Processes in Automotive Components Using Blob Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409764458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092710","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40363149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25092710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092710","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2710/pdf?version=1745567992","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2710/pdf?version=1745567992","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075699525","display_name":"Simone Mari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-2975","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-2975"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simone Mari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-2975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035166375","display_name":"Giovanni Bucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-1136","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-1136"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Bucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000206566","display_name":"Fabrizio Ciancetta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1676-5273","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1676-5273"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Ciancetta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1676-5273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036826718","display_name":"Edoardo Fiorucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6244-5521","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6244-5521"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Fiorucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6244-5521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035514588","display_name":"Andrea Fioravanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-2558","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-2558"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Fioravanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-2558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Dell\u2019informazione e di Economia, Universit\u00e0 dell\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075699525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":1.5201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82138197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"9","first_page":"2710","last_page":"2710"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-quality-control","display_name":"automated quality control","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blob-detection","display_name":"blob detection","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-components","display_name":"automotive components","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-cleanliness","display_name":"surface cleanliness","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-thresholding","display_name":"adaptive thresholding","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laplacian-of-gaussian","display_name":"Laplacian of Gaussian","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/difference-of-gaussians","display_name":"difference of Gaussians","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared-imaging","display_name":"infrared imaging","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"computer vision","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/painting-preparation","display_name":"painting preparation","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"false positive rate","score":0.6449999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.7110742330551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5043755769729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4756486117839813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4454282522201538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3880012035369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23341920971870422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08222785592079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25092710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092710","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2710/pdf?version=1745567992","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40363149","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40363149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12074089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12074089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04063e922a6342eca67d54ddf49c8ac1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04063e922a6342eca67d54ddf49c8ac1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 25, Iss 9, p 2710 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ricerca.univaq.it:11697/276819","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11697/276819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055225","display_name":"Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell Aquila","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25092710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092710","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2710/pdf?version=1745567992","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409764458.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409764458.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996494519","https://openalex.org/W2003370853","https://openalex.org/W2012231760","https://openalex.org/W2044221450","https://openalex.org/W2058333183","https://openalex.org/W2075674144","https://openalex.org/W2109200236","https://openalex.org/W2342993886","https://openalex.org/W2405394324","https://openalex.org/W2780939496","https://openalex.org/W2900954917","https://openalex.org/W3010392729","https://openalex.org/W3092466439","https://openalex.org/W4223460700","https://openalex.org/W4320493621","https://openalex.org/W4321460075","https://openalex.org/W4378450700","https://openalex.org/W4389068141","https://openalex.org/W4390667445","https://openalex.org/W4392968119","https://openalex.org/W4400410093","https://openalex.org/W4406003453","https://openalex.org/W4406330302","https://openalex.org/W4407780255","https://openalex.org/W4408823566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384667405","https://openalex.org/W2389266787","https://openalex.org/W2363885542","https://openalex.org/W2387206255","https://openalex.org/W2355570285","https://openalex.org/W2364958354","https://openalex.org/W2352797113","https://openalex.org/W2372137583","https://openalex.org/W2374872591","https://openalex.org/W1548050717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"automated":[4],"computer":[5],"vision":[6],"system":[7,49],"for":[8,45,123,192],"assessing":[9],"the":[10,18,39,109,117,131,141,152,200],"cleanliness":[11],"of":[12,41,73,81,85,90,149],"plastic":[13],"mirror":[14],"caps":[15],"used":[16],"in":[17,151,159,196],"automotive":[19],"industry":[20],"after":[21,116],"a":[22,121,145,187],"washing":[23],"process.":[24],"These":[25],"components":[26],"are":[27],"highly":[28],"visible":[29],"and":[30,61,67,88,94,115,126,155,164,189,206],"require":[31],"optimal":[32],"surface":[33,102,211],"conditions":[34],"prior":[35],"to":[36,100,170,202,210],"painting,":[37],"making":[38],"detection":[40,77],"residual":[42],"contaminants":[43],"critical":[44],"quality":[46,194],"assurance.":[47],"The":[48,162,183],"acquires":[50],"high-resolution":[51],"monochrome":[52],"images":[53],"under":[54,136],"various":[55],"lighting":[56],"configurations,":[57],"including":[58],"natural":[59,138],"light":[60,139],"infrared":[62],"(IR)":[63],"at":[64],"850":[65],"nm":[66],"940":[68],"nm,":[69],"with":[70,144,180,199],"different":[71],"angles":[72],"incidence.":[74],"Four":[75],"blob":[76,112],"algorithms-adaptive":[78],"thresholding,":[79],"Laplacian":[80],"Gaussian":[82],"(LoG),":[83],"Difference":[84],"Gaussians":[86],"(DoG),":[87],"Determinant":[89],"Hessian":[91],"(DoH)-were":[92],"implemented":[93],"evaluated":[95],"based":[96],"on":[97],"their":[98],"ability":[99],"detect":[101],"impurities.":[103],"Performance":[104],"was":[105],"assessed":[106],"by":[107],"comparing":[108],"total":[110],"detected":[111],"area":[113],"before":[114],"cleaning":[118],"process,":[119],"providing":[120],"proxy":[122],"both":[124],"sensitivity":[125],"false":[127,157],"positive":[128],"rate.":[129],"Among":[130],"tested":[132],"methods,":[133],"adaptive":[134],"thresholding":[135],"30\u00b0":[137],"produced":[140],"best":[142],"results,":[143],"statistically":[146],"significant":[147],"z-score":[148],"+2.05":[150],"pre-wash":[153],"phase":[154],"reduced":[156],"detections":[158],"post-wash":[160],"conditions.":[161],"LoG":[163],"DoG":[165],"methods":[166],"were":[167],"more":[168],"prone":[169],"spurious":[171],"detections,":[172],"while":[173],"DoH":[174],"demonstrated":[175],"intermediate":[176],"performance":[177],"but":[178],"struggled":[179],"reflective":[181],"surfaces.":[182],"proposed":[184],"approach":[185],"offers":[186],"cost-effective":[188],"scalable":[190],"solution":[191],"real-time":[193],"control":[195],"industrial":[197],"environments,":[198],"potential":[201],"improve":[203],"process":[204],"reliability":[205],"reduce":[207],"waste":[208],"due":[209],"defects.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
