{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409763591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicacs65178.2025.10968783","title":"Classification of System Failures in Cyber-Physical Systems Using Heterogeneous Edge Enhanced Graph Attention Networks","display_name":"Classification of System Failures in Cyber-Physical Systems Using Heterogeneous Edge Enhanced Graph Attention Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409763591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicacs65178.2025.10968783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icicacs65178.2025.10968783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicacs65178.2025.10968783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicacs65178.2025.10968783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407088986","display_name":"International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 3rd International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116821047","display_name":"Saef Obidhusin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131779051","display_name":"Iraqi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wfhkb67","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saef Obidhusin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technical Engineering The Islamic University,Department of Computers Techniques Engineering,Al Diwaniyah,Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technical Engineering The Islamic University,Department of Computers Techniques Engineering,Al Diwaniyah,Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131779051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101457501","display_name":"N. Subhash Chandra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-1180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-1180"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Subhash Chandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["CVR College of Engineering,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Hyderabad,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CVR College of Engineering,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Hyderabad,India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080865904","display_name":"D Balamurugan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257457","display_name":"Sona College of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/059sbnj83","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257457"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Balamurugan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sona College of Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Salem,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sona College of Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Salem,India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074202998","display_name":"J. Premalatha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Premalatha J","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College Of Engineering Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Mamallapuram,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College Of Engineering Technology,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Mamallapuram,India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126518191","display_name":"K. Kumararaja","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Kumararaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engineering and Technology,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Chennai,India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Engineering and Technology,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Chennai,India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05599604,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.01510000042617321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-systems","display_name":"cyber-physical systems","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection","display_name":"fault detection","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-attention-networks","display_name":"graph attention networks","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bot-iot-dataset","display_name":"Bot-IoT dataset","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"feature selection","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-edge-weights","display_name":"dynamic edge weights","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-mechanism","display_name":"attention mechanism","score":0.6930000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7289913892745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6520599126815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4842219352722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4716797471046448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.45163071155548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.44442465901374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3918949365615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3793819844722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2716004252433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07578539848327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icicacs65178.2025.10968783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicacs65178.2025.10968783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icicacs65178.2025.10968783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407088986","display_name":"International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 3rd International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3046598377","https://openalex.org/W4214946748","https://openalex.org/W4292387506","https://openalex.org/W4386459831","https://openalex.org/W4387055381","https://openalex.org/W4388802072","https://openalex.org/W4390975177","https://openalex.org/W4391653237","https://openalex.org/W4395663210","https://openalex.org/W4396542442","https://openalex.org/W4396926090","https://openalex.org/W4399238469","https://openalex.org/W4399915021","https://openalex.org/W4400474691","https://openalex.org/W4400749015","https://openalex.org/W4402202846","https://openalex.org/W4405429562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W3019776739","https://openalex.org/W2546638913","https://openalex.org/W2209816623","https://openalex.org/W2968885840","https://openalex.org/W4324372666","https://openalex.org/W4225706866","https://openalex.org/W2914646191","https://openalex.org/W3023564924","https://openalex.org/W2942586735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"the":[1,23,76,90,188],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"Cyber-Physical":[5],"Systems":[6],"(CPS)":[7],"have":[8],"rapidly":[9],"evolved":[10],"in":[11,131,152],"various":[12],"sectors":[13],"by":[14,67,159],"integrating":[15],"computing,":[16],"networking,":[17],"and":[18,32,54,148,164],"physical":[19,55],"processes.":[20],"CPS":[21,153],"facilitates":[22],"management":[24],"of":[25,85,112,128,183],"critical":[26],"infrastructure":[27],"such":[28,138],"as":[29,139],"transportation,":[30],"healthcare,":[31],"energy.":[33],"Even":[34],"though":[35],"there":[36],"are":[37,41],"advanced":[38],"technologies,":[39],"which":[40,83,142],"vulnerable":[42],"to":[43,46,58,100,168,187],"failures":[44,130],"led":[45],"severe":[47],"consequences":[48],"including":[49],"unpredictable":[50],"interactions":[51],"between":[52,170],"cyber":[53],"components.":[56],"Therefore,":[57],"address":[59],"these":[60],"issues":[61],"a":[62],"robust":[63],"model":[64,180],"is":[65,78,93,98,119,123],"proposed":[66,178],"using":[68,95],"Heterogeneous":[69],"Edge-Enhanced":[70],"Graph":[71],"Attention":[72],"Network":[73],"(HEE-GAT).":[74],"Initially,":[75],"data":[77,92],"collected":[79,91],"from":[80],"BoT-IoT":[81],"database":[82],"consists":[84],"huge":[86],"traffic":[87,107],"data.":[88],"Then,":[89],"preprocessed":[94],"Z-score":[96],"normalization":[97],"applied":[99],"standardize":[101],"feature":[102],"distributions":[103],"while":[104],"preserving":[105],"network":[106],"characteristics.":[108],"Furthermore,":[109],"for":[110,125],"selection":[111],"significant":[113],"features":[114],"Skill":[115],"Optimization":[116,193],"Algorithm":[117],"(SOA)":[118],"utilized.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"HEE-GAT":[122,155,179],"utilized":[124],"effective":[126],"classification":[127],"system":[129],"CPS.":[132],"Unlike":[133],"existing":[134,189],"failure":[135,172],"detection":[136],"models":[137],"LSTM-GNN":[140],"hybrids,":[141],"struggle":[143],"with":[144,174],"capturing":[145],"heterogeneous":[146],"dependencies":[147],"dynamic":[149,161],"edge":[150,162],"relationships":[151],"data,":[154],"enhances":[156],"graph-based":[157],"learning":[158],"assigning":[160],"weights":[163],"utilizing":[165],"attention":[166],"mechanisms":[167],"distinguish":[169],"different":[171],"types":[173],"higher":[175],"accuracy.":[176],"The":[177],"acquired":[181],"accuracy":[182],"95%":[184],"when":[185],"compared":[186],"Fractional":[190],"Artificial":[191],"Protozoa":[192],"enabled":[194],"Spiking":[195,198],"VGG-16":[196],"(FAPO":[197],"VGG-16).":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}