{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409668564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","title":"Recalibrating the spirit level: An analysis of the interaction of income inequality and poverty and its effect on health","display_name":"Recalibrating the spirit level: An analysis of the interaction of income inequality and poverty and its effect on health","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409668564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","pdf_url":"https://osf.io/mre7c_v1/download","source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://osf.io/mre7c_v1/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000445913","display_name":"Simone Rambotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5704-4536","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5704-4536"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simone Rambotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000445913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.03970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-effects-of-inequality","display_name":"health effects of inequality","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-spirit-level","display_name":"The Spirit Level","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-distribution","display_name":"income distribution","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-income","display_name":"relative income","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absolute-income","display_name":"absolute income","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.6299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.7407401204109192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.7295564413070679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5622905492782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.5181440114974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4151104688644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3430427312850952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.3418131470680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24393710494041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.16820627450942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","pdf_url":"https://osf.io/mre7c_v1/download","source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mre7c_v1","pdf_url":"https://osf.io/mre7c_v1/download","source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409668564.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409668564.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63912758","https://openalex.org/W361208018","https://openalex.org/W1487265830","https://openalex.org/W1542753785","https://openalex.org/W1584692350","https://openalex.org/W1588412804","https://openalex.org/W1953940434","https://openalex.org/W1967039410","https://openalex.org/W1987043226","https://openalex.org/W1988427925","https://openalex.org/W1993701031","https://openalex.org/W1999505698","https://openalex.org/W2002270146","https://openalex.org/W2004719377","https://openalex.org/W2006959783","https://openalex.org/W2026182357","https://openalex.org/W2031569733","https://openalex.org/W2031944921","https://openalex.org/W2049818509","https://openalex.org/W2051525410","https://openalex.org/W2059259552","https://openalex.org/W2061141487","https://openalex.org/W2076237237","https://openalex.org/W2090241969","https://openalex.org/W2095243958","https://openalex.org/W2104018747","https://openalex.org/W2106311908","https://openalex.org/W2109836277","https://openalex.org/W2111008427","https://openalex.org/W2115531315","https://openalex.org/W2115941566","https://openalex.org/W2116429669","https://openalex.org/W2120406225","https://openalex.org/W2132436955","https://openalex.org/W2137637220","https://openalex.org/W2144821447","https://openalex.org/W2147083737","https://openalex.org/W2148482412","https://openalex.org/W2153587173","https://openalex.org/W2159799409","https://openalex.org/W2160116344","https://openalex.org/W2161086031","https://openalex.org/W2166368450","https://openalex.org/W2168160838","https://openalex.org/W2168535487","https://openalex.org/W2479984948","https://openalex.org/W2486527320","https://openalex.org/W3023682250","https://openalex.org/W4230315454","https://openalex.org/W6759731987","https://openalex.org/W6820629252","https://openalex.org/W6829522155","https://openalex.org/W7081546572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119737425","https://openalex.org/W2083893808","https://openalex.org/W2903661674","https://openalex.org/W6961203494","https://openalex.org/W1551479068","https://openalex.org/W4391085461","https://openalex.org/W2956423250","https://openalex.org/W2614126163","https://openalex.org/W4403980078","https://openalex.org/W1737867778"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,3,145,187,209,266],"publication":[1],"of":[2,17,26,44,66,80,97,109,138,160,175,193,201,232,259],"Spirit":[4,188],"Level":[5],"(Wilkinson":[6],"&":[7],"Pickett,":[8],"2009)":[9],"marked":[10],"a":[11,23,49,78,118,149,191,276],"paramount":[12],"moment":[13],"in":[14,33,36,195,238,247],"the":[15,46,75,90,94,100,106,128,135,158,161,173,176,199,229,256],"analysis":[16],"health":[18,260],"and":[19,30,35,51,88,203,214,243,261,281],"inequality,":[20,60],"quickly":[21],"attracting":[22],"remarkable":[24],"degree":[25],"attention,":[27],"both":[28,32],"positive":[29],"negative,":[31],"academic":[34],"public":[37],"discourse.":[38],"Following":[39],"at":[40,157],"least":[41],"20":[42],"years":[43],"research,":[45],"book":[47],"proposes":[48],"simple":[50],"powerful":[52],"argument:":[53],"inequality":[54,202,213,233,254,280],"per":[55],"se,":[56],"more":[57],"specifically":[58],"income":[59,110,162,271],"is":[61,152],"harmful":[62],"to":[63,71,197],"every":[64],"aspect":[65],"social":[67,262],"life.":[68],"In":[69],"order":[70,196],"confirm":[72],"this":[73,98,180],"idea,":[74],"authors":[76,101],"present":[77,235],"series":[79],"bivariate,":[81],"cross-sectional":[82],"associations":[83],"showing":[84],"comparisons":[85],"across":[86,225,264],"countries":[87,239,248],"within":[89],"United":[91],"States.":[92],"Despite":[93],"methodological":[95],"limitations":[96],"approach,":[99],"advance":[102],"causal":[103],"claims":[104],"concerning":[105],"detrimental":[107,230],"effects":[108,231],"inequality.":[111],"They":[112],"also":[113],"rule":[114],"out":[115],"poverty":[116,252],"as":[117,255],"plausible":[119],"alternative":[120],"explanation,":[121],"without":[122],"directly":[123],"measuring":[124],"it.":[125],"Meanwhile,":[126],"over":[127],"last":[129],"decade":[130],"stratification":[131],"scholars":[132],"have":[133],"demonstrated":[134],"nonlinear":[136],"effect":[137,200],"economic":[139],"factors,":[140],"especially":[141],"income,":[142],"on":[143],"health.":[144],"results":[146],"suggest":[147],"that":[148,212,228,270],"relative":[150],"approach":[151,167],"best":[153],"for":[154,171],"analyzing":[155],"dynamics":[156],"top":[159],"distribution,":[163],"whereas":[164],"an":[165],"absolute":[166],"seems":[168],"most":[169],"appropriate":[170],"studying":[172],"bottom":[174],"distribution.":[177],"Consistent":[178],"with":[179,207,240,249],"perspective,":[181],"here":[182],"I":[183,216],"reanalyze":[184],"data":[185],"from":[186],"Level,":[189],"adding":[190],"measure":[192],"poverty,":[194,242,282],"control":[198],"explore":[204],"its":[205],"interaction":[206,284],"poverty.":[208],"findings":[210],"show":[211],"poverty\u2014which":[215],"contend":[217],"are":[218,234,273],"two":[219],"interdependent":[220],"but":[221],"nonetheless":[222],"distinct":[223],"phenomena\u2014interact":[224],"countries,":[226],"such":[227],"or":[236,245],"stronger":[237],"high":[241],"absent":[244],"weaker":[246],"low":[250],"poverty;":[251],"replaces":[253],"favored":[257],"explanation":[258],"ills":[263],"states.":[265],"new":[267],"evidence":[268],"suggests":[269],"distributions":[272],"characterized":[274],"by":[275],"complex":[277],"interplay":[278],"between":[279],"whose":[283],"deserves":[285],"further":[286],"analysis.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-04-23T00:00:00"}