{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409616640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2025.2488852","title":"Foreign Ownership and Productivity: A Comparative Study of Estonia, Latvia and Norway","display_name":"Foreign Ownership and Productivity: A Comparative Study of Estonia, Latvia and Norway","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409616640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2025.2488852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00128775.2025.2488852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2025.2488852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2025.2488852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149339240","display_name":"Eastern European Economics","issn_l":"0012-8775","issn":["0012-8775","1557-9298"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eastern European Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4776086","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000622893","display_name":"Gaygysyz Ashyrov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-8120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-8120"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153821248","display_name":"Estonian Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/04e67ap71","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153821248"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaygysyz Ashyrov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Business School"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-8120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Business School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153821248"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033613403","display_name":"Nicolas Gavoille","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0777-4554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0777-4554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148805310","display_name":"Stockholm School of Economics in Riga","ror":"https://ror.org/00qaje814","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148805310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261700","display_name":"Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/05q78k270","country_code":"LV","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261700"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Gavoille","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies","Stockholm School of Economics in Riga"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0777-4554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stockholm School of Economics in Riga","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148805310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061468128","display_name":"Kjetil Hauk\u00e5s","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131789811","display_name":"Institute of Transport Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04p2pa451","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131789811"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kjetil Hauk\u00e5s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Transport Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transport Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131789811"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017837361","display_name":"Rasmus B\u00f8gh Holmen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-1495","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-1495"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931913249","display_name":"Norwegian School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04v53s997","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931913249"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rasmus B\u00f8gh Holmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NHH Norwegian School of Economics"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-1495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NHH Norwegian School of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931913249"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028060128","display_name":"Jaan Masso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0466-4942","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0466-4942"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaan Masso","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tartu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tartu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028060128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76635862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"4","first_page":"507","last_page":"542"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-ownership","display_name":"foreign ownership","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-productivity","display_name":"firm productivity","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-acquisitions","display_name":"foreign acquisitions","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-border-acquisitions","display_name":"cross-border acquisitions","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host-country-development","display_name":"host country development","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-proximity","display_name":"regional proximity","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-proximity","display_name":"cultural proximity","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sectoral-heterogeneity","display_name":"sectoral heterogeneity","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estonia","display_name":"Estonia","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latvia","display_name":"Latvia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/norway","display_name":"Norway","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.8003970384597778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776746854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11430545","display_name":"Foreign ownership","level":3,"score":0.7040846347808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4583870768547058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.43650615215301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.36710190773010254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3177030086517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2741681933403015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.17153432965278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.16651701927185059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00128775.2025.2488852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2025.2488852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2025.2488852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149339240","display_name":"Eastern European Economics","issn_l":"0012-8775","issn":["0012-8775","1557-9298"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eastern European Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4776086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4776086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4776086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:mtk:febawb:148","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mjtoimetised.ut.ee/febpdf/febawb148.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mjtoimetised.ut.ee/febpdf/febawb148.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4776086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4776086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4776086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1098924744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LT08-2-LMT-K-01-070","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328040","funder_display_name":"EEA Grants/Norway Grants"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321090","display_name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjeja18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328040","display_name":"EEA Grants/Norway Grants","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W418473414","https://openalex.org/W763612189","https://openalex.org/W1489193396","https://openalex.org/W1516915811","https://openalex.org/W1567695894","https://openalex.org/W1598630259","https://openalex.org/W1601517327","https://openalex.org/W1976025950","https://openalex.org/W1978957937","https://openalex.org/W1979132028","https://openalex.org/W1981332473","https://openalex.org/W1983064419","https://openalex.org/W1993302914","https://openalex.org/W1997918151","https://openalex.org/W2007271675","https://openalex.org/W2008190574","https://openalex.org/W2009623235","https://openalex.org/W2011969711","https://openalex.org/W2017503951","https://openalex.org/W2025035795","https://openalex.org/W2025749955","https://openalex.org/W2029257392","https://openalex.org/W2031302545","https://openalex.org/W2035330907","https://openalex.org/W2045232402","https://openalex.org/W2048000872","https://openalex.org/W2050785507","https://openalex.org/W2053763767","https://openalex.org/W2061821648","https://openalex.org/W2065161528","https://openalex.org/W2069330226","https://openalex.org/W2073394244","https://openalex.org/W2085238896","https://openalex.org/W2092814916","https://openalex.org/W2101656058","https://openalex.org/W2116505388","https://openalex.org/W2121253093","https://openalex.org/W2123536337","https://openalex.org/W2148566774","https://openalex.org/W2149103058","https://openalex.org/W2168281167","https://openalex.org/W2175972029","https://openalex.org/W2242459888","https://openalex.org/W2285453534","https://openalex.org/W2296039988","https://openalex.org/W2322034357","https://openalex.org/W2533634182","https://openalex.org/W2604455386","https://openalex.org/W2740038778","https://openalex.org/W2757210523","https://openalex.org/W2772905723","https://openalex.org/W2781489086","https://openalex.org/W2794434660","https://openalex.org/W2802487403","https://openalex.org/W2890688076","https://openalex.org/W2891422865","https://openalex.org/W2911267019","https://openalex.org/W2912814032","https://openalex.org/W2926740494","https://openalex.org/W2942768083","https://openalex.org/W2987959544","https://openalex.org/W3021040265","https://openalex.org/W3032644251","https://openalex.org/W3044361606","https://openalex.org/W3121170782","https://openalex.org/W3121372586","https://openalex.org/W3122533007","https://openalex.org/W3122707445","https://openalex.org/W3123537636","https://openalex.org/W3123899737","https://openalex.org/W3123928772","https://openalex.org/W3124379915","https://openalex.org/W3125638319","https://openalex.org/W3125778256","https://openalex.org/W3126073799","https://openalex.org/W3126092002","https://openalex.org/W3169029669","https://openalex.org/W3199944163","https://openalex.org/W3203751292","https://openalex.org/W4212855817","https://openalex.org/W4220929870","https://openalex.org/W4220978296","https://openalex.org/W4230713850","https://openalex.org/W4239673148","https://openalex.org/W4318700549","https://openalex.org/W4389683148","https://openalex.org/W4393335624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2233941283","https://openalex.org/W7054226469","https://openalex.org/W2116656522","https://openalex.org/W150213616","https://openalex.org/W1820150518","https://openalex.org/W2148566774","https://openalex.org/W3124808442","https://openalex.org/W4220978296","https://openalex.org/W2146238088","https://openalex.org/W7206202260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"attracting":[1],"foreign":[2,26,41,72,100,134,156],"direct":[3],"investments":[4],"(FDI)":[5],"has":[6],"been":[7],"at":[8],"the":[9,12,19,37,60,66,69,76,90,99,130,193,205,208,211],"core":[10],"of":[11,15,23,40,68,71,80,133,145,155,196,207],"economic":[13,87,187],"policy":[14],"many":[16],"countries":[17,94],"since":[18],"1980s,":[20],"existing":[21],"evidence":[22],"a":[24,96,116,123,162],"causal":[25],"ownership":[27,73,101,135],"effect":[28,39,70,132,154,195],"on":[29,43,59,75,158,180,198,203],"firm-level":[30,48],"productivity":[31,38,131,164],"is":[32,201],"mixed.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"revisits":[36],"takeovers":[42],"domestic":[44,159],"firms.":[45],"Leveraging":[46],"administrative":[47],"data":[49],"from":[50,182],"Estonia,":[51],"Latvia,":[52],"and":[53,86,92,103,142,168,185,210],"Norway,":[54],"we":[55],"shed":[56],"some":[57],"light":[58],"following":[61],"key":[62],"questions:":[63],"1)":[64],"\u201cDoes":[65,83],"magnitude":[67],"depend":[74],"host":[77,139],"country\u2019s":[78],"level":[79],"development?;\u201d":[81],"2)":[82],"spatial,":[84],"cultural,":[85],"proximity":[88],"between":[89],"sending":[91],"receiving":[93,199],"play":[95],"role":[97],"in":[98,166,171,175],"effect?;\u201d":[102],"3)":[104],"\u201cTo":[105],"what":[106],"extent":[107],"are":[108,178],"these":[109],"effects":[110,174],"heterogeneous":[111,153],"across":[112,138],"industries?\u201d":[113],"By":[114],"implementing":[115],"propensity":[117],"score":[118],"matching":[119],"procedure,":[120],"combined":[121],"with":[122,161],"difference-in-differences":[124],"approach,":[125],"our":[126],"results":[127,190],"indicate":[128],"that":[129,192],"greatly":[136],"varies":[137],"countries,":[140],"sectors":[141],"FDI\u2019s":[143],"region":[144],"origin.":[146],"We":[147],"document":[148],"an":[149],"overall":[150],"positive":[151,194],"but":[152],"acquisitions":[157],"firms,":[160],"stronger":[163],"boost":[165],"Estonia":[167],"Latvia":[169],"than":[170],"Norway.":[172],"The":[173],"each":[176],"country":[177],"concentrated":[179],"FDI":[181,197],"particular":[183],"regions":[184],"specific":[186],"sectors.":[188],"These":[189],"suggest":[191],"companies":[200],"conditional":[202],"both":[204],"characteristics":[206],"investor":[209],"acquisition":[212],"target.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2025-04-21T00:00:00"}