{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409480754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","title":"The relationship between the land features and thermodynamic parameters and the thunderstorm hours over central and eastern China","display_name":"The relationship between the land features and thermodynamic parameters and the thunderstorm hours over central and eastern China","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409480754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/wefo/aop/WAF-D-24-0015.1/WAF-D-24-0015.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203100778","display_name":"Weather and Forecasting","issn_l":"0882-8156","issn":["0882-8156","1520-0434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Weather and Forecasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/wefo/aop/WAF-D-24-0015.1/WAF-D-24-0015.1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032841645","display_name":"Manxing Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-0006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-0006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130750295","display_name":"Xinyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190x2a66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manxing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["a School of Geographical Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China","b School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a School of Geographical Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"b School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001843079","display_name":"Peng Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0810-6371","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0810-6371"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118629","display_name":"NARI Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02egn3136","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["c NARI Group (State Grid Electric Power Research Institute) Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211106, China","d Wuhan NARI Limited Liability Company, State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c NARI Group (State Grid Electric Power Research Institute) Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118629"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"d Wuhan NARI Limited Liability Company, State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059772905","display_name":"Xiaofang Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1289-389X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1289-389X","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4037-1343"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130750295","display_name":"Xinyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190x2a66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofang Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["a School of Geographical Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a School of Geographical Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130750295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Gao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["b School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682082","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2017-5564","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2017-5564"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["b School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084104666","display_name":"Dong Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5119-3014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5119-3014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090238","display_name":"Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00bh8v131","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090238"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["e Changjiang Research Institute of Geotechnique and Survey, MRW, Wuhan, 430011, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"e Changjiang Research Institute of Geotechnique and Survey, MRW, Wuhan, 430011, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088181131","display_name":"Xiuguo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0045-9642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0045-9642","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6139-7142"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiuguo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["b School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"b School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088181131"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4839,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64497603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thunderstorm-frequency","display_name":"thunderstorm frequency","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-to-ground-lightning","display_name":"cloud-to-ground lightning","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mountainous-areas","display_name":"mountainous terrain","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-cover","display_name":"vegetation cover","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-instability","display_name":"convective instability","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-humidity","display_name":"air humidity","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diurnal-variation","display_name":"diurnal variation","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monthly-variation","display_name":"monthly variation","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-and-eastern-china","display_name":"central and eastern China","score":0.7379999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80316258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857578","display_name":"Thunderstorm","level":2,"score":0.7547215223312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6912122368812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5231836438179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5110396146774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4872981309890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3583635687828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2371772825717926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/wefo/aop/WAF-D-24-0015.1/WAF-D-24-0015.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203100778","display_name":"Weather and Forecasting","issn_l":"0882-8156","issn":["0882-8156","1520-0434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Weather and Forecasting","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-24-0015.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/wefo/aop/WAF-D-24-0015.1/WAF-D-24-0015.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203100778","display_name":"Weather and Forecasting","issn_l":"0882-8156","issn":["0882-8156","1520-0434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Weather and Forecasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4288132589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2642022009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328899","funder_display_name":"China University of Geosciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6269215185","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41501584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310509","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328899","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409480754.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409480754.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520370421","https://openalex.org/W2888352424","https://openalex.org/W4252200661","https://openalex.org/W2073504236","https://openalex.org/W3192054339","https://openalex.org/W3168400152","https://openalex.org/W2363493550","https://openalex.org/W3191237879","https://openalex.org/W4239766379","https://openalex.org/W2137855330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,51,134,209],"thunderstorm":[2,17,136,149,169,204,249,256,281],"hour":[3,150],"(TH)":[4],"is":[5,49,100,156,197,225],"a":[6,166,198,271,276],"valuable":[7],"indicator":[8],"for":[9,123,131,168,274],"assessing":[10],"the":[11,20,28,37,69,81,95,115,173,194,201,230,247,252,284],"impact":[12],"of":[13,41,56,71,98,104,118,177,280],"climate":[14],"change":[15],"on":[16,58,153],"frequency.":[18],"Using":[19],"cloud-to-ground":[21],"(CG)":[22],"lightning":[23,29],"stroke":[24,42],"data":[25],"detected":[26],"by":[27],"location":[30],"network":[31],"(LLN)":[32],"from":[33],"2013":[34],"to":[35,102,172,181,186,245],"2021,":[36],"annual":[38,124],"spatial":[39],"distribution":[40],"density":[43],"(SD)":[44],"and":[45,53,65,85,88,126,217,237,258,261],"THs":[46,57,84,99,119,184,210],"in":[47,75,110,121,138,144,188,200,203,206,222,283],"China":[48,67],"analyzed.":[50],"monthly":[52,89,248],"diurnal":[54],"variations":[55],"different":[59],"landforms":[60,155],"were":[61],"examined":[62],"over":[63],"central":[64],"eastern":[66],"as":[68,243],"region":[70],"interest.":[72],"Considering":[73],"differences":[74,109],"geomorphic":[76,266],"types,":[77],"we":[78],"also":[79],"explored":[80],"relationship":[82,254],"between":[83,255],"land":[86,259],"features":[87,260],"average":[90,135],"convective":[91],"parameters.":[92],"In":[93,113,147,191],"space,":[94],"overall":[96],"pattern":[97],"similar":[101],"that":[103],"SD;":[105],"however,":[106],"there":[107,224],"are":[108,141],"local":[111],"regions.":[112],"time,":[114],"maximum":[116],"value":[117],"occurs":[120],"July":[122],"variation":[125],"around":[127],"16:00":[128],"Beijing":[129],"time":[130],"daily":[132],"variation.":[133],"hours":[137,205,257,282],"mountainous":[139,154,192],"areas":[140],"higher":[142,174],"than":[143,159],"flat":[145,178],"areas.":[146,190],"addition,":[148],"index":[151,232],"(THI)":[152],"usually":[157],"greater":[158],"1,":[160],"meaning":[161],"these":[162],"landform":[163],"types":[164],"have":[165],"\"preference\"":[167],"occurrence.":[170],"Due":[171],"coverage":[175],"area":[176],"terrain":[179,196],"compared":[180],"other":[182],"terrains,":[183],"tend":[185],"accumulate":[187],"low-elevation":[189],"areas,":[193],"sloping":[195],"factor":[199],"increase":[202,212],"all":[207],"seasons.":[208],"generally":[211],"with":[213,265],"increasing":[214],"spring,":[215],"summer,":[216,223],"autumn":[218],"vegetation":[219,231],"cover.":[220],"However,":[221],"an":[226],"opposite":[227],"trend":[228],"when":[229],"exceeds":[233],"0.8.":[234],"Instability,":[235],"humidity,":[236],"composite":[238],"parameters":[239,263],"can":[240],"be":[241],"used":[242],"proxies":[244],"predict":[246],"number.":[250],"Furthermore,":[251],"correlation":[253],"thermodynamic":[262],"varies":[264],"types.":[267],"Our":[268],"research":[269],"provides":[270],"theoretical":[272],"foundation":[273],"constructing":[275],"long-term":[277],"historical":[278],"dataset":[279],"future.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
