{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409436293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335","title":"Numerical Study of Wind Tunnel Wall Effects on Icing Cloud Distribution and Water Collection in Aero-Engine Nacelles","display_name":"Numerical Study of Wind Tunnel Wall Effects on Icing Cloud Distribution and Water Collection in Aero-Engine Nacelles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409436293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace12040335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100654195","display_name":"Cong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-5325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-5325"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802505932","display_name":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jma8s40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738141","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics","ror":"https://ror.org/055rh9p75","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932","https://openalex.org/I4392738141"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["LowSpeed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LowSpeed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087967198","display_name":"Ningli Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-6764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-6764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802505932","display_name":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jma8s40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738141","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics","ror":"https://ror.org/055rh9p75","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932","https://openalex.org/I4392738141"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ningli Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["LowSpeed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-6764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LowSpeed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072004273","display_name":"Xian Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4334-0991","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4334-0991"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802505932","display_name":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jma8s40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738141","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics","ror":"https://ror.org/055rh9p75","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932","https://openalex.org/I4392738141"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xian Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["LowSpeed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4334-0991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LowSpeed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738141"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010735121","display_name":"Qingren Lai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802505932","display_name":"China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jma8s40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738141","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics","ror":"https://ror.org/055rh9p75","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932","https://openalex.org/I4392738141"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingren Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["LowSpeed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LowSpeed Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, Mianyang 621000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738141"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087967198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802505932","https://openalex.org/I4392738141"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.3894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49272442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"335","last_page":"335"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12696","display_name":"Icing and De-icing Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12696","display_name":"Icing and De-icing Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12350","display_name":"Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11382","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-tunnel-wall-effects","display_name":"wind tunnel wall effects","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-water-content","display_name":"liquid water content","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/droplet-collection-efficiency","display_name":"droplet collection efficiency","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-accretion","display_name":"ice accretion","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eulerian-eulerian-multiphase-model","display_name":"Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-deflection","display_name":"flow deflection","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icing-wind-tunnel-testing","display_name":"icing wind tunnel testing","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34329639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27070220","display_name":"Nacelle","level":3,"score":0.8483778238296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781439067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5986479","display_name":"Icing","level":2,"score":0.5988516211509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100086909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193010","display_name":"Wind tunnel","level":2,"score":0.5463609099388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4715942144393921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.46296027302742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.45792919397354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3897874355316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.34237635135650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.32575446367263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25603532791137695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.22708576917648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.179520845413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1640506088733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.07694408297538757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace12040335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2bf01cd9141a45bab8d0e9182ffa8823","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2bf01cd9141a45bab8d0e9182ffa8823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 335 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace12040335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1448998151","https://openalex.org/W1966239044","https://openalex.org/W1980831091","https://openalex.org/W1988812735","https://openalex.org/W2010494355","https://openalex.org/W2028490394","https://openalex.org/W2038439272","https://openalex.org/W2072058067","https://openalex.org/W2075546897","https://openalex.org/W2094250516","https://openalex.org/W2161229342","https://openalex.org/W2170917550","https://openalex.org/W2315925143","https://openalex.org/W2326400911","https://openalex.org/W2327658503","https://openalex.org/W2328685590","https://openalex.org/W2329688901","https://openalex.org/W2330404146","https://openalex.org/W2331697644","https://openalex.org/W2335681478","https://openalex.org/W2344506269","https://openalex.org/W2529106004","https://openalex.org/W2540450789","https://openalex.org/W2621062838","https://openalex.org/W2793212616","https://openalex.org/W2793736167","https://openalex.org/W2795405551","https://openalex.org/W2810045809","https://openalex.org/W3023231940","https://openalex.org/W3114207800","https://openalex.org/W3159653916","https://openalex.org/W3159854245","https://openalex.org/W4295290081","https://openalex.org/W4307850439","https://openalex.org/W4327773811","https://openalex.org/W4385336325","https://openalex.org/W4391234491","https://openalex.org/W4393970109","https://openalex.org/W4399104663","https://openalex.org/W4400624895","https://openalex.org/W6622627206"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3089194822","https://openalex.org/W2008210792","https://openalex.org/W2361469493","https://openalex.org/W2996972709","https://openalex.org/W2997575257","https://openalex.org/W2371515881","https://openalex.org/W3035365902","https://openalex.org/W2115975654","https://openalex.org/W4212877997","https://openalex.org/W4383550531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Icing":[0],"wind":[1,20,200],"tunnel":[2,21,201],"tests":[3],"play":[4],"a":[5,108,161],"critical":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,47,83,114,136,155,174,198],"evaluating":[9],"ice":[10],"accretion":[11],"on":[12,24,61,96,133,148],"aero-engine":[13],"nacelles.":[14],"However,":[15,152],"the":[16,19,25,28,54,68,75,84,91,97,112,130,134,139,143,149,153,156,165,168,172,177,183,191],"effects":[17,197],"of":[18,27,111,167,193],"wall":[22],"(WTW)":[23],"dynamics":[26],"icing":[29,199],"cloud":[30],"remain":[31],"insufficiently":[32],"quantified.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35],"employs":[36],"an":[37,81],"experimentally":[38],"validated":[39],"Eulerian\u2013Eulerian":[40],"multiphase":[41],"approach":[42],"to":[43,80,204],"quantify":[44],"WTW-induced":[45,69],"alterations":[46],"Liquid":[48],"Water":[49],"Content":[50],"(LWC)":[51],"distribution":[52],"inside":[53,138],"nacelle":[55,77,98,140],"and":[56,90,106,124,141,176,182],"droplet":[57,86,145,179],"collection":[58,87,146,180],"efficiency":[59,88,147,181],"(\u03b2)":[60],"its":[62],"surfaces.":[63],"The":[64,188],"results":[65],"show":[66],"that":[67,120],"flow":[70,158],"deflection":[71],"redirects":[72],"droplets":[73],"toward":[74],"outer":[76],"surface,":[78],"leading":[79],"increase":[82,154],"maximum":[85,144,178],"(\u03b2max)":[89],"total":[92,184],"collected":[93,185],"water":[94,186],"mass":[95],"under":[99],"baseline":[100],"conditions":[101],"(Mach":[102],"Number":[103],"=":[104],"0.206)":[105],"causing":[107],"banded":[109],"regime":[110],"deviation":[113,173],"LWC.":[115],"Parametric":[116],"analysis":[117],"further":[118],"shows":[119],"higher":[121],"inflow":[122],"velocities":[123],"Median":[125],"Volumetric":[126],"Diameters":[127],"(MVDs)":[128],"enhanced":[129],"WTW\u2019s":[131],"effect":[132,166],"change":[135],"LWC":[137,175],"increased":[142],"nacelle\u2019s":[150],"surface.":[151],"intake":[157],"rates":[159],"exhibits":[160],"counteracting":[162],"trend":[163],"for":[164,170,195],"WTW":[169,196],"both":[171],"mass.":[187],"findings":[189],"highlight":[190],"necessity":[192],"accounting":[194],"testing":[202],"protocols":[203],"improve":[205],"flight":[206],"condition":[207],"extrapolation":[208],"accuracy.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
