{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409436002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","title":"Oxidative stress and free radicals in disease pathogenesis: a review","display_name":"Oxidative stress and free radicals in disease pathogenesis: a review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409436002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042860","display_name":"Discover Medicine","issn_l":"3004-8885","issn":["3004-8885"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052220724","display_name":"G. Hitha Pooja","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gori Pooja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, ROFEL, Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy, Vapi, Gujarat, 396191, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, ROFEL, Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy, Vapi, Gujarat, 396191, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100591491","display_name":"Singh Shweta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5040-7853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5040-7853"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Singh Shweta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, ROFEL, Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy, Vapi, Gujarat, 396191, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, ROFEL, Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy, Vapi, Gujarat, 396191, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pratixa Patel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratixa Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, ROFEL, Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy, Vapi, Gujarat, 396191, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, ROFEL, Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy, Vapi, Gujarat, 396191, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052220724"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1290},"apc_paid":{"value":1290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1290},"fwci":4.9037,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10445","display_name":"Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress","score":0.8187999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10445","display_name":"Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress","score":0.8187999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11884","display_name":"Redox biology and oxidative stress","score":0.1624000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10155","display_name":"Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-radicals","display_name":"free radicals","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-oxygen-species","display_name":"reactive oxygen species","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-nitrogen-species","display_name":"reactive nitrogen species","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superoxide-radicals","display_name":"superoxide","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroxyl-radicals","display_name":"hydroxyl radicals","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-peroxide","display_name":"hydrogen peroxide","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitric-oxide","display_name":"nitric oxide","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-peroxidation","display_name":"lipid peroxidation","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-modification","display_name":"protein modification","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-damage","display_name":"DNA damage","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"cancer","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegenerative-diseases","display_name":"neurodegenerative diseases","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertension","display_name":"hypertension","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psoriasis","display_name":"psoriasis","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rheumatoid-arthritis","display_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asthma","display_name":"asthma","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-therapy","display_name":"antioxidant therapy","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-defense","display_name":"antioxidant defense","score":0.4490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.7742315530776978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.7721568942070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139066938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185056","display_name":"Radical","level":2,"score":0.5634344816207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5327826738357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37440285086631775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.21744850277900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.18296965956687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.18121835589408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.10669839382171631}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042860","display_name":"Discover Medicine","issn_l":"3004-8885","issn":["3004-8885"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44337-025-00303-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042860","display_name":"Discover Medicine","issn_l":"3004-8885","issn":["3004-8885"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409436002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409436002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115807110","https://openalex.org/W1508292548","https://openalex.org/W1588992136","https://openalex.org/W1964977158","https://openalex.org/W1998198134","https://openalex.org/W2023695511","https://openalex.org/W2035367937","https://openalex.org/W2105731956","https://openalex.org/W2113533986","https://openalex.org/W2150367899","https://openalex.org/W2162757298","https://openalex.org/W2313462881","https://openalex.org/W2537114473","https://openalex.org/W2740695644","https://openalex.org/W2744303159","https://openalex.org/W2789253060","https://openalex.org/W2803189841","https://openalex.org/W2937074474","https://openalex.org/W2951268956","https://openalex.org/W2969573657","https://openalex.org/W2985948033","https://openalex.org/W3041426930","https://openalex.org/W3138871399","https://openalex.org/W3157404951","https://openalex.org/W3199727148","https://openalex.org/W3209845601","https://openalex.org/W4210696945","https://openalex.org/W4220670764","https://openalex.org/W4220776036","https://openalex.org/W4224062070","https://openalex.org/W4225659815","https://openalex.org/W4281680663","https://openalex.org/W4309848207","https://openalex.org/W4319456837","https://openalex.org/W4366996346","https://openalex.org/W4392856968","https://openalex.org/W4393234216","https://openalex.org/W4394011048","https://openalex.org/W4395690272","https://openalex.org/W4400842625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416845672","https://openalex.org/W2023695511","https://openalex.org/W4406782279","https://openalex.org/W7147259471","https://openalex.org/W4413399127","https://openalex.org/W2791595902","https://openalex.org/W7117743396","https://openalex.org/W7131070957","https://openalex.org/W1503157284","https://openalex.org/W4385554074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Free":[0],"radicals,":[1,71,84,86],"particularly":[2],"reactive":[3,8,14],"oxygen":[4],"species":[5,10],"(ROS)":[6],"and":[7,27,37,67,79,89,107,124,132,147,157,165,178,208,215,227],"nitrogen":[9],"(RNS),":[11],"are":[12,92,168],"highly":[13],"molecules":[15],"with":[16],"unpaired":[17],"electrons":[18],"that":[19],"play":[20],"a":[21],"crucial":[22],"role":[23,183],"in":[24,94,139,151,187,230],"cellular":[25,117,130,232],"processes":[26],"disease":[28,135,167,217],"mechanisms.":[29],"Generated":[30],"through":[31],"normal":[32,129],"metabolic":[33],"activities,":[34],"enzymatic":[35],"reactions,":[36],"environmental":[38],"exposures,":[39],"these":[40,110,188],"radicals":[41,143,186],"can":[42],"cause":[43],"significant":[44],"oxidative":[45,112,171,213],"stress":[46,113,214],"when":[47],"their":[48,73],"production":[49,226],"surpasses":[50],"the":[51,64,182,200,220],"body's":[52],"ability":[53],"to":[54,115,134,173,176,211],"neutralize":[55],"them.":[56],"This":[57,197],"review":[58,198],"provides":[59],"an":[60],"in-depth":[61],"analysis":[62],"of":[63,69,184],"formation,":[65],"mechanisms,":[66],"effects":[68],"free":[70,142,185,224],"emphasizing":[72],"impact":[74],"on":[75],"human":[76],"health.":[77,233],"ROS":[78],"RNS,":[80],"such":[81],"as":[82],"superoxide":[83],"hydroxyl":[85],"hydrogen":[87],"peroxide,":[88],"nitric":[90],"oxide,":[91],"involved":[93],"various":[95],"pathologies":[96],"including":[97,119],"diabetes":[98,140],"mellitus,":[99,141],"cancer,":[100,152],"neurodegenerative":[101],"disorders,":[102],"hypertension,":[103],"psoriasis,":[104],"rheumatoid":[105],"arthritis,":[106],"asthma.":[108],"In":[109],"conditions,":[111],"leads":[114],"extensive":[116],"damage,":[118,126],"lipid":[120],"peroxidation,":[121],"protein":[122],"modification,":[123],"DNA":[125,155],"which":[127],"disrupt":[128],"functions":[131],"contribute":[133],"progression.":[136],"For":[137],"instance,":[138],"impair":[144],"insulin":[145],"signaling":[146],"exacerbate":[148],"inflammation,":[149],"while":[150],"they":[153],"induce":[154],"mutations":[156],"promote":[158],"tumor":[159],"growth.":[160],"Neurodegenerative":[161],"disorders":[162],"like":[163],"Alzheimer\u2019s":[164],"Parkinson\u2019s":[166],"characterized":[169],"by":[170],"damage":[172],"neurons,":[174],"contributing":[175],"cognitive":[177],"motor":[179],"dysfunction.":[180],"Understanding":[181],"diseases":[189],"is":[190],"essential":[191],"for":[192,202],"developing":[193],"effective":[194],"therapeutic":[195],"strategies.":[196],"highlights":[199],"need":[201],"ongoing":[203],"research":[204],"into":[205],"antioxidant":[206,228],"therapies":[207],"other":[209],"interventions":[210],"mitigate":[212],"improve":[216],"outcomes,":[218],"underscoring":[219],"critical":[221],"balance":[222],"between":[223],"radical":[225],"defenses":[229],"maintaining":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-04-15T00:00:00"}
