{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409435405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Patients in Tertiary Healthcare Facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Patients in Tertiary Healthcare Facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409435405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aboh Ochapa Victor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aboh Ochapa Victor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health and Infectious Diseases Control Institute (GHIDI), Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health and Infectious Diseases Control Institute (GHIDI), Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050366578","display_name":"Adamu Ishaku Akyala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4168-6104","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4168-6104"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adamu I Akyala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health and Infectious Diseases Control Institute (GHIDI), Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health and Infectious Diseases Control Institute (GHIDI), Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Agieni Ashem Godwin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10627620","display_name":"Kogi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvsyx28","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10627620"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agieni Ashem Godwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microbiology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Prince Abubakar Audu University, PMB 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microbiology Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Prince Abubakar Audu University, PMB 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10627620"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116471911","display_name":"Bello Folake Saidat","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279790","display_name":"Federal Medical Centre Keffi","ror":"https://ror.org/020fveq80","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405279790"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bello Folake Saidat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Haematology BGS Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, PMB 1004, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Haematology BGS Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, PMB 1004, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105083307","display_name":"Ibrahim Ismaila","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279790","display_name":"Federal Medical Centre Keffi","ror":"https://ror.org/020fveq80","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405279790"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Ismaila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Medical Microbiology Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, PMB 1004, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Medical Microbiology Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, PMB 1004, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279790"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116972503","display_name":"Awayimbo Ruth Jaggu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-1215","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4088-1215"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31959934","display_name":"Nasarawa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybvje46","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaggu Ruth Awayimbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health and Infectious Diseases Control Institute (GHIDI), Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health and Infectious Diseases Control Institute (GHIDI), Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31959934"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006369272","display_name":"Henry Chukwunonso Egbu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405279790","display_name":"Federal Medical Centre Keffi","ror":"https://ror.org/020fveq80","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405279790"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Chukwunonso Egbu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Medical Microbiology Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, PMB 1004, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Medical Microbiology Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, PMB 1004, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405279790"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84214108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"66","last_page":"78"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10340","display_name":"Hepatitis B Virus Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10340","display_name":"Hepatitis B Virus Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10151","display_name":"Hepatitis C virus research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10146","display_name":"Cervical Cancer and HPV Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b","display_name":"hepatitis B","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tertiary-healthcare-facilities","display_name":"tertiary healthcare facilities","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nasarawa-state","display_name":"Nasarawa State","score":0.8399999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6622153520584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.6478332281112671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5976124405860901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5642933249473572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991842025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Tertiary care","level":2,"score":0.5154134035110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.33450430631637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.09979385137557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.04861009120941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05034266v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05034266v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2025, 8 (1), pp.66-78. ⟨10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjgh/2025/v8i1113","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Research Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181985111","https://openalex.org/W3134064024","https://openalex.org/W3011555536","https://openalex.org/W4405822480","https://openalex.org/W4401287397","https://openalex.org/W2524394356","https://openalex.org/W2008263372","https://openalex.org/W4403094765","https://openalex.org/W4400740805","https://openalex.org/W2273265398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"An":[1],"estimate":[2],"by":[3,46,226],"the":[4,63,74,89,140,147,170,174,188,196,220,239,305,313,326,345,362,365,374,396],"WHO":[5],"in":[6,79,107,173,312,325,392],"2022":[7],"has":[8],"it":[9],"that":[10,301],"254":[11],"million":[12,27],"people":[13,390],"were":[14,166,177,191,296],"living":[15,391],"with":[16,21,128,169,245],"chronic":[17],"hepatitis":[18,31,77],"B":[19,32,78,93],"infection":[20,35,324],"a":[22,37,255],"reported":[23],"death":[24],"of":[25,76,91,195,203,223,258,283,289,309,322,364],"1.1":[26],"individuals.":[28],"In":[29,60,215],"Nigeria,":[30],"virus":[33],"(HBV)":[34],"remains":[36],"critical":[38],"public":[39],"health":[40],"challenge.":[41],"This":[42,114],"challenge":[43],"is":[44],"exacerbated":[45],"factors":[47,300],"such":[48],"as":[49,247],"limited":[50],"access":[51,384],"to":[52,69,121,261,304,330,361,376,385],"healthcare,":[53,387],"inadequate":[54],"vaccination":[55],"coverage,":[56],"and":[57,96,112,130,146,205,211,233,273,281,292,335,352,382],"high-risk":[58],"behaviours.":[59],"Nasarawa":[61,80,108,154],"State,":[62,109,155],"disease":[64],"prevalence":[65,202,222,257,272,321],"ranges":[66],"from":[67,119],"7.8%":[68],"13.63%.":[70],"These":[71,340],"figures":[72,341],"highlight":[73],"burden":[75],"State.":[81,397],"Aim:":[82],"The":[83,136,319,348],"present":[84],"study":[85,116,137,327,349],"focused":[86],"on":[87],"determining":[88],"Prevalence":[90],"Hepatitis":[92],"Virus":[94],"Infection":[95],"Associated":[97],"Risk":[98],"Factors":[99],"among":[100,156,243],"Patients":[101,157],"Attending":[102],"Selected":[103],"Tertiary":[104],"Health":[105],"Facilities":[106],"Nigeria.":[110],"Materials":[111],"Methods:":[113],"cross-sectional":[115],"was":[117,207,241,267,328],"conducted":[118],"June":[120],"December":[122],"2024":[123],"using":[124,333,337],"simple":[125],"random":[126],"sampling":[127],"ELISA":[129,210,338],"Rapid":[131],"Diagnostic":[132],"Test":[133],"(RDT)":[134],"techniques.":[135],"areas":[138,394],"included":[139],"Federal":[141,148],"Medical":[142],"Centre":[143],"Keffi":[144],"(FMCK)":[145],"University":[149],"Teaching":[150],"Hospital":[151],"(FUTH)":[152],"Lafia,":[153],"attending":[158],"those":[159,180,244],"hospitals.":[160],"Participants":[161],"above":[162],"five":[163,182],"years":[164,183],"who":[165],"not":[167],"immunized":[168],"HBV":[171,271,310,323,371],"vaccine":[172],"last":[175,189],"month":[176,190],"included,":[178],"while":[179,238],"below":[181],"or":[184],"recently":[185],"vaccinated":[186],"within":[187,395],"excluded.":[192],"Results:":[193],"Out":[194],"200":[197],"participants":[198],"tested,":[199],"an":[200],"overall":[201,320],"11.5%":[204,336],"9.5%":[206,332],"recorded":[208,242],"for":[209,389],"RDT":[212,334],"techniques,":[213],"respectively.":[214],"this":[216],"study,":[217],"farmers":[218],"had":[219,254],"highest":[221],"33.3%":[224],"followed":[225],"students":[227],"at":[228,231,236],"14.1%,":[229],"housewives":[230],"7.1%":[232],"civil":[234],"servants":[235],"4.3%,":[237],"least":[240],"business":[246],"their":[248],"occupation":[249],"2.3%.":[250],"similarly,":[251],"rural":[252,393],"settlers":[253],"higher":[256,343],"18.4%":[259],"compared":[260],"urban":[262],"settlers,":[263],"6.5%.":[264],"While":[265],"there":[266],"no":[268],"association":[269],"between":[270],"age,":[274],"gender,":[275],"marital":[276],"status,":[277],"senatorial":[278],"districts,":[279],"vaccination,":[280],"use":[282],"alcohol":[284],"(P>.05);":[285],"blood":[286,379],"transfusions,":[287],"sharing":[288],"unsterilized":[290],"instruments":[291],"unsafe":[293,357],"dental/surgical":[294],"procedures":[295],"high":[297],"significant":[298],"risk":[299,354],"likely":[302],"contributed":[303],"elevated":[306],"transmission":[307,363],"rates":[308],"observed":[311],"studied":[314],"populations":[315],"(P=":[316],"0.00).":[317],"Conclusion:":[318],"found":[329],"be":[331],"methods.":[339],"are":[342],"than":[344],"national":[346],"prevalence.":[347],"highlights":[350],"occupational":[351],"environmental":[353],"factors,":[355],"including":[356],"practices,":[358],"which":[359],"contribute":[360],"virus.":[366],"Therefore,":[367],"we":[368],"recommend":[369],"enhanced":[370],"awareness":[372],"creation,":[373],"need":[375],"strengthen":[377],"safe":[378],"transfusion":[380],"policy,":[381],"increased":[383],"affordable":[386],"particularly":[388]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-15T10:00:46.086208","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}