{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409416293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","title":"Deep learning models for segmenting phonocardiogram signals: a comparative study","display_name":"Deep learning models for segmenting phonocardiogram signals: a comparative study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409416293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40228205","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11996215"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320297&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320297&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049500386","display_name":"Hiam Alquran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-6442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-6442"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hiam Alquran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Systems and Informatics Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-6442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Systems and Informatics Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006328472","display_name":"Yazan Al-Issa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7747-1183","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7747-1183"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazan Al-Issa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan","Department of Computer Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108141871","display_name":"Mohammed Alsalatie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5450-3311","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5450-3311"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801551540","display_name":"King Hussein Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02r4khx44","country_code":"JO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801551540"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Alsalatie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering,Jordan University of Science and Technlogy, Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan","The Institute of Biomedical Technology, King Hussein Medical Center, Royal Jordanian Medical Service, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5450-3311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering,Jordan University of Science and Technlogy, Ramtha, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Biomedical Technology, King Hussein Medical Center, Royal Jordanian Medical Service, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801551540"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022658693","display_name":"Shefa M. Tawalbeh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85507684","display_name":"Yarmouk University","ror":"https://ror.org/004mbaj56","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shefa Tawalbeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Systems and Informatics Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Systems and Informatics Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049500386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85507684"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":5.8334,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96767577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"e0320297","last_page":"e0320297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonocardiogram","display_name":"phonocardiogram","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-segmentation","display_name":"signal segmentation","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gated-recurrent-unit","display_name":"gated recurrent unit","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-gru","display_name":"bidirectional GRU","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-lstm","display_name":"bidirectional LSTM","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-auscultation","display_name":"cardiac auscultation","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s1-and-s2-heart-sounds","display_name":"S1 and S2 heart sounds","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systolic-and-diastolic-phases","display_name":"systolic and diastolic phases","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-mode-decomposition","display_name":"empirical mode decomposition","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning-model-comparison","display_name":"deep learning model comparison","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159693508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3301075","display_name":"Phonocardiogram","level":2,"score":0.9818637371063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7362767457962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7128990292549133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779435589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967103","display_name":"Heart sounds","level":2,"score":0.6767037510871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6549897193908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.6277254819869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6078382134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5376744270324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777324038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779054","display_name":"Auscultation","level":2,"score":0.5042794942855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49704840779304504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.42007142305374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4191020131111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4106639623641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.15516230463981628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11899206042289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.08262181282043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010701","descriptor_name":"Phonocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320297&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40228205","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40228205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11996215","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11996215/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:53bb972b97d04faeba460e2a53d56c7c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/53bb972b97d04faeba460e2a53d56c7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 20, Iss 4, p e0320297 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320297","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320297&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409416293.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409416293.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122470043","https://openalex.org/W2158409019","https://openalex.org/W2167484035","https://openalex.org/W2557139718","https://openalex.org/W2805713564","https://openalex.org/W2982162446","https://openalex.org/W3126228994","https://openalex.org/W3127886536","https://openalex.org/W3145881934","https://openalex.org/W3191193899","https://openalex.org/W4225308785","https://openalex.org/W4281936363","https://openalex.org/W4322772630","https://openalex.org/W4376131153","https://openalex.org/W4386399766","https://openalex.org/W4387837028","https://openalex.org/W4390943477","https://openalex.org/W4391324572","https://openalex.org/W4392200867","https://openalex.org/W4396894907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387713144","https://openalex.org/W4407034039","https://openalex.org/W4407639484","https://openalex.org/W4403126663","https://openalex.org/W4417338336","https://openalex.org/W4402003169","https://openalex.org/W3005771459","https://openalex.org/W2794921802","https://openalex.org/W3113131038","https://openalex.org/W2967031293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cardiac":[0],"auscultation":[1],"requires":[2],"the":[3,8,23,71,78,85,134,141,150,156,163,167,171,183,191],"mechanical":[4],"vibrations":[5],"occurring":[6],"on":[7],"body's":[9],"surface,":[10],"which":[11],"carries":[12],"a":[13,113,201],"range":[14],"of":[15,27,103,115,137,147,170,178,185],"sound":[16],"frequencies.":[17],"These":[18,88],"sounds":[19,38],"are":[20,39,62,90],"generated":[21],"by":[22],"movement":[24],"and":[25,57,84,106,121,153,198],"pulsation":[26],"different":[28],"cardiac":[29],"structures":[30],"as":[31,41,200],"they":[32],"facilitate":[33],"blood":[34],"circulation.":[35],"Subsequently,":[36],"these":[37],"identified":[40],"phonocardiogram":[42],"(PCG).":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45,160],"research,":[46],"deep":[47,127,187],"learning":[48,128,188],"models,":[49],"namely":[50,74],"gated":[51],"recurrent":[52],"neural":[53],"Network":[54],"(GRU),":[55],"Bidirectional-GRU,":[56],"Bi-directional":[58],"long-term":[59],"memory":[60],"(BILSTM)":[61],"applied":[63,91,131],"separately":[64],"to":[65,92,132],"segment":[66],"four":[67],"specific":[68],"regions":[69],"within":[70],"PCG":[72,110],"signal,":[73],"S1":[75],"(lub":[76],"sound),":[77,83],"systolic":[79],"region,":[80],"S2":[81],"(dub":[82],"diastolic":[86],"region.":[87],"models":[89,189],"three":[93],"well-known":[94],"datasets:":[95],"PhysioNet/Computing":[96],"in":[97,204],"Cardiology":[98],"Challenge":[99],"2016,":[100],"Massachusetts":[101],"Institute":[102],"Technology":[104],"(MITHSDB),":[105],"CirCor":[107,172],"DigiScope":[108],"Phonocardiogram.The":[109],"signal":[111],"underwent":[112],"series":[114],"pre-processing":[116],"steps,":[117],"including":[118],"digital":[119],"filtering":[120],"empirical":[122],"mode":[123],"decomposition,":[124],"after":[125],"then":[126],"algorithms":[129],"were":[130],"achieve":[133],"highest":[135],"level":[136],"segmentation":[138,168],"accuracy.":[139],"Remarkably,":[140],"proposed":[142],"approach":[143],"achieved":[144],"an":[145,176],"accuracy":[146,177],"97.2%":[148],"for":[149,155],"PhysioNet":[151],"dataset":[152],"96.98%":[154],"MITHSDB":[157],"dataset.":[158],"Notably,":[159],"paper":[161],"represents":[162],"first":[164],"investigation":[165],"into":[166],"process":[169],"DigiScop":[173],"dataset,":[174],"achieving":[175],"92.5%.":[179],"This":[180],"study":[181],"compared":[182],"performance":[184],"various":[186],"using":[190],"aforementioned":[192],"datasets,":[193],"demonstrating":[194],"its":[195],"efficiency,":[196],"accuracy,":[197],"reliability":[199],"software":[202],"tool":[203],"healthcare":[205],"settings.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-04-14T00:00:00"}