{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409268573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113","title":"Worker Safety in High-Field NMR Spectroscopy Laboratories: Challenges and Risk Assessment","display_name":"Worker Safety in High-Field NMR Spectroscopy Laboratories: Challenges and Risk Assessment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409268573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/environments12040113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/12/4/113/pdf?version=1744086455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187256","display_name":"Environments","issn_l":"2076-3298","issn":["2076-3298"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/12/4/113/pdf?version=1744086455","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038585718","display_name":"Alessandra Flori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4486-8878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4486-8878"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158339","display_name":"Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio","ror":"https://ror.org/058a2pj71","country_code":"IT","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236","https://openalex.org/I4210158339"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Flori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioengineering Unit, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4486-8878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering Unit, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158339"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058729661","display_name":"Giuseppe Acri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-2853","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-2853"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Acri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical, Dental, and Image Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-2853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical, Dental, and Image Sciences, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009471429","display_name":"Maria Antonietta D\u2019Avanzo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119350","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione Contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro","ror":"https://ror.org/01t264m74","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119350"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Antonietta D\u2019Avanzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Massimo Mattozzi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119350","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione Contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro","ror":"https://ror.org/01t264m74","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119350"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Mattozzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119350"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001285228","display_name":"Valentina Hartwig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8453-5368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8453-5368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106076","display_name":"Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica","ror":"https://ror.org/01kdj2848","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106076","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Hartwig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8453-5368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106076"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001285228","https://openalex.org/A5058729661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210106076"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":1.077,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73032138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"113","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-safety","display_name":"occupational safety","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging-safety","display_name":"magnetic resonance imaging safety","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-magnetic-field","display_name":"static magnetic field","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-varying-electromagnetic-fields","display_name":"time-dependent electromagnetic fields","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator-exposure","display_name":"operator exposure","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"risk assessment","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-gradient","display_name":"field gradient","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-limits","display_name":"safety limits","score":0.5669999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5239903330802917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66974803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10359898","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4199336767196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4198909401893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33394110202789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.32650649547576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24786260724067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1331343948841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/environments12040113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/12/4/113/pdf?version=1744086455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187256","display_name":"Environments","issn_l":"2076-3298","issn":["2076-3298"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/environments12040113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040113","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/12/4/113/pdf?version=1744086455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187256","display_name":"Environments","issn_l":"2076-3298","issn":["2076-3298"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6181401047","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Bric 2022 CUP: J43C22001390005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324633","funder_display_name":"Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione Contro Gli Infortuni sul Lavoro"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324633","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione Contro Gli Infortuni sul Lavoro","ror":"https://ror.org/01t264m74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409268573.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409268573.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1276547070","https://openalex.org/W1900905485","https://openalex.org/W1973588267","https://openalex.org/W2023486985","https://openalex.org/W2066726404","https://openalex.org/W2088461439","https://openalex.org/W2096114625","https://openalex.org/W2099819726","https://openalex.org/W2130503108","https://openalex.org/W2162954103","https://openalex.org/W2277131861","https://openalex.org/W2337499678","https://openalex.org/W2556603547","https://openalex.org/W2574258566","https://openalex.org/W2610387602","https://openalex.org/W2746818369","https://openalex.org/W2781406734","https://openalex.org/W2790486519","https://openalex.org/W2809263259","https://openalex.org/W2883777859","https://openalex.org/W2901790708","https://openalex.org/W2921070562","https://openalex.org/W3011706566","https://openalex.org/W3015920679","https://openalex.org/W3033450403","https://openalex.org/W3110551557","https://openalex.org/W3127661501","https://openalex.org/W3127842490","https://openalex.org/W3157353057","https://openalex.org/W3165599313","https://openalex.org/W3203023987","https://openalex.org/W3206629819","https://openalex.org/W3206936522","https://openalex.org/W4206438009","https://openalex.org/W4245167505","https://openalex.org/W4252110200","https://openalex.org/W4281633922","https://openalex.org/W4283373291","https://openalex.org/W4391785650","https://openalex.org/W4400802739","https://openalex.org/W4404187432"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W599538448","https://openalex.org/W1979742529","https://openalex.org/W3150982967","https://openalex.org/W2047148965","https://openalex.org/W1843794756","https://openalex.org/W2105542811","https://openalex.org/W1560786135","https://openalex.org/W4242971552","https://openalex.org/W2359497114","https://openalex.org/W1984585790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetic":[0],"Resonance":[1],"(MR)":[2],"technology":[3],"is":[4,89],"extensively":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,21,48,82,124,170],"academic":[8],"and":[9,13,43,60,150,186],"industrial":[10],"research":[11],"laboratories":[12],"represents":[14],"one":[15],"of":[16,104,106,156],"the":[17,38,49,57,68,77,102,132,167],"most":[18],"significant":[19],"methodologies":[20],"clinical":[22],"radiology.":[23],"Although":[24],"MR":[25,55,174],"does":[26],"not":[27,145],"use":[28],"ionizing":[29],"radiation,":[30],"it":[31],"cannot":[32],"be":[33],"considered":[34],"risk-free":[35],"due":[36],"to":[37,73,92,121,165],"strong":[39],"static":[40,116],"magnetic":[41,85,117],"fields":[42,46],"time-varying":[44],"electromagnetic":[45],"employed":[47],"technology.":[50],"To":[51],"mitigate":[52],"risks":[53],"for":[54],"operators,":[56],"European":[58],"Community":[59],"ICNIRP":[61],"have":[62],"established":[63],"safety":[64,184],"limits":[65],"based":[66],"on":[67,79],"existing":[69],"literature,":[70],"primarily":[71],"related":[72],"diagnostic":[74],"MR.":[75],"However,":[76],"literature":[78],"occupational":[80],"exposure":[81],"non-clinical":[83],"nuclear":[84],"resonance":[86],"(NMR)":[87],"spectroscopy":[88],"limited.":[90],"Due":[91],"their":[93],"specificity,":[94],"non-medical":[95],"NMR":[96,109,180],"environments":[97,143],"present":[98],"unique":[99],"challenges":[100,185],"from":[101],"point":[103],"view":[105],"operator":[107,140,183],"exposure.":[108,141],"spectrometers":[110],"are":[111,137,144,151],"characterized":[112],"by":[113,153],"extremely":[114],"high":[115],"fields,":[118],"reaching":[119],"up":[120],"28":[122],"T":[123],"commercial":[125],"systems;":[126],"moreover,":[127],"routine":[128],"activities":[129],"performed":[130],"near":[131],"magnet,":[133],"where":[134],"field":[135],"gradients":[136],"highest,":[138],"increase":[139],"Such":[142],"typically":[146],"perceived":[147],"as":[148],"hazardous":[149],"frequented":[152],"various":[154],"types":[155],"personnel,":[157],"often":[158],"without":[159],"specific":[160],"training.":[161],"This":[162],"study":[163],"aims":[164],"highlight":[166],"critical":[168],"issues":[169],"managing":[171],"a":[172,178],"preclinical":[173],"laboratory":[175],"equipped":[176],"with":[177],"high-field":[179],"spectrometer,":[181],"discussing":[182],"presenting":[187],"risk":[188],"assessment":[189],"data.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}