{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409265245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","title":"Development and validation of a district-level index of socioeconomic development for India","display_name":"Development and validation of a district-level index of socioeconomic development for India","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409265245","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/04/04/2025.04.02.25325109.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/04/04/2025.04.02.25325109.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088814678","display_name":"Vinita Subramanya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-0847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-0847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vinita Subramanya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-0847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050925901","display_name":"Shivani Anil Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0082-5857","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0082-5857"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109911","display_name":"Woodruff Health Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4tt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I4210109911"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivani A. Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center and Emory University","Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Atlanta"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0082-5857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center and Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I4210109911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Atlanta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057605193","display_name":"Shakira Franco Suglia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5634-9290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5634-9290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shakira F. Suglia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5634-9290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014154760","display_name":"Robin Richardson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-455X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-455X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin A. Richardson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047288487","display_name":"K.M. Venkat Narayan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-5405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-5405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109911","display_name":"Woodruff Health Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4tt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I4210109911"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.M. Venkat Narayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center and Emory University","Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Atlanta"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-5405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center and Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I4210109911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Atlanta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004776448","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro Alonso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-8323","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-8323"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro Alonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-8323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088814678"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.26420000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.26420000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.18790000677108765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14440","display_name":"Quality of Life Measurement","score":0.1590999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-economic-development","display_name":"socio-economic development","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-poverty","display_name":"multidimensional poverty","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malnutrition","display_name":"malnutrition","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-disparities","display_name":"geographic disparities","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-infrastructure","display_name":"community infrastructure","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/housing-conditions","display_name":"housing conditions","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/india","display_name":"India","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2011-census","display_name":"2011 census","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nfhs-4","display_name":"NFHS-4","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"principal component analysis","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/percentile-ranking","display_name":"percentile ranking","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-poverty-index","display_name":"Multidimensional Poverty Index","score":0.8029999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7464722990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.739065408706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42298096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomic development","level":2,"score":0.5848591923713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.49875378608703613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4444173574447632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.3424836993217468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3182413578033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17807340621948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1625942885875702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15403816103935242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.1321132779121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.051141172647476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.04754391312599182}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/04/04/2025.04.02.25325109.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.02.25325109","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/04/04/2025.04.02.25325109.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409265245.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409265245.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193722299","https://openalex.org/W197432415","https://openalex.org/W311390918","https://openalex.org/W1502065375","https://openalex.org/W1515064954","https://openalex.org/W1820603375","https://openalex.org/W1969600340","https://openalex.org/W1973268733","https://openalex.org/W1986367880","https://openalex.org/W2002707985","https://openalex.org/W2003067860","https://openalex.org/W2003271391","https://openalex.org/W2005541635","https://openalex.org/W2008779422","https://openalex.org/W2040117585","https://openalex.org/W2042148014","https://openalex.org/W2043818760","https://openalex.org/W2044417549","https://openalex.org/W2061802836","https://openalex.org/W2076707519","https://openalex.org/W2078725026","https://openalex.org/W2102757122","https://openalex.org/W2103620078","https://openalex.org/W2107542071","https://openalex.org/W2107586668","https://openalex.org/W2110912806","https://openalex.org/W2112585194","https://openalex.org/W2116429669","https://openalex.org/W2118745447","https://openalex.org/W2120832217","https://openalex.org/W2131088368","https://openalex.org/W2131922464","https://openalex.org/W2144759387","https://openalex.org/W2149715922","https://openalex.org/W2157073699","https://openalex.org/W2162391545","https://openalex.org/W2164084271","https://openalex.org/W2165794458","https://openalex.org/W2165916652","https://openalex.org/W2165963613","https://openalex.org/W2168689749","https://openalex.org/W2171859830","https://openalex.org/W2181401284","https://openalex.org/W2181850415","https://openalex.org/W2189554645","https://openalex.org/W2275131731","https://openalex.org/W2295124130","https://openalex.org/W2315666945","https://openalex.org/W2341310046","https://openalex.org/W2404341792","https://openalex.org/W2480133395","https://openalex.org/W2751933617","https://openalex.org/W2903409932","https://openalex.org/W2936733516","https://openalex.org/W2959865840","https://openalex.org/W2970958862","https://openalex.org/W2980979092","https://openalex.org/W2983368618","https://openalex.org/W2984262367","https://openalex.org/W2996868092","https://openalex.org/W3034339450","https://openalex.org/W3043720243","https://openalex.org/W3045917385","https://openalex.org/W3121689684","https://openalex.org/W3128259007","https://openalex.org/W3129481919","https://openalex.org/W4210481549","https://openalex.org/W4224434700","https://openalex.org/W4239889693","https://openalex.org/W4247818158","https://openalex.org/W4254057566","https://openalex.org/W4255783024","https://openalex.org/W4281563688","https://openalex.org/W4318692596","https://openalex.org/W4318921957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401064350","https://openalex.org/W1507041441","https://openalex.org/W1619910320","https://openalex.org/W2239545480","https://openalex.org/W2277101503","https://openalex.org/W4385837105","https://openalex.org/W2972388631","https://openalex.org/W2054747396","https://openalex.org/W2312224784","https://openalex.org/W1529710403"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Introduction":[1],"Socioeconomic":[2],"development":[3,39,111,127,131,207,228,258,279],"influences":[4],"population":[5],"health":[6,16,116,173,231,264,281],"outcomes.":[7,117,174,282],"The":[8,92,151,233],"coexistence":[9],"of":[10,26,37,61,109,235],"rapid":[11],"economic":[12],"growth":[13],"and":[14,31,50,63,79,88,98,112,136,156,181,183,200,219,229,241,259,269,280],"persistent":[15],"inequalities":[17],"in":[18,44,125,133,138,179,192,212,265],"India":[19,45,62],"underscores":[20],"the":[21,41,58,64,106,162,209,216,274],"need":[22],"for":[23,96,171,255],"community-level":[24],"assessments":[25],"socioeconomic":[27,38,110,126,206,227,278],"development.":[28],"We":[29,197],"created":[30],"validated":[32,201],"four":[33,70,120],"distinct":[34],"multidimensional":[35,202,224],"indices":[36,71,83,93,121,152,203],"at":[40,208],"district":[42,210],"level":[43,211],"using":[46],"separate":[47],"data":[48,56],"sources":[49],"two":[51],"different":[52],"methods.":[53],"Methods":[54],"Using":[55,214],"from":[57],"2011":[59,217],"Census":[60,218],"National":[65],"Family":[66],"Health":[67],"Survey-4":[68],"(NFHS-4),":[69],"were":[72,94,194],"constructed":[73],"through":[74],"principal":[75],"components":[76],"analysis":[77],"(PCA)":[78],"percentile":[80,242],"ranking.":[81],"These":[82],"covered":[84],"sociodemographic,":[85],"socioeconomic,":[86],"housing,":[87],"community":[89],"infrastructure":[90],"domains.":[91],"assessed":[95],"construct":[97,145],"criterion":[99],"validity,":[100,146,159],"examining":[101],"their":[102,113],"ability":[103],"to":[104,204],"capture":[105],"latent":[107],"constructs":[108],"relationship":[114,276],"with":[115,130,148,161,177,187],"Results":[118],"All":[119],"suggested":[122],"geographic":[123],"disparities":[124],"across":[128],"India,":[129],"lower":[132],"central":[134],"regions":[135],"higher":[137],"southern":[139],"states.":[140],"They":[141],"all":[142],"demonstrated":[143],"good":[144],"particularly":[147],"NFHS-4":[149,220],"data.":[150],"exhibited":[153],"strong":[154],"internal":[155],"external":[157],"concurrent":[158],"aligning":[160],"Multidimensional":[163],"Poverty":[164],"Index":[165],"while":[166],"also":[167],"demonstrating":[168],"predictive":[169],"validity":[170],"nutritional":[172],"Negative":[175],"correlations":[176],"undernutrition":[178],"children":[180],"women":[182],"a":[184,222,251],"positive":[185],"correlation":[186],"being":[188],"overweight":[189],"or":[190],"obese":[191],"adults":[193],"observed.":[195],"Conclusion":[196],"successfully":[198],"developed":[199],"measure":[205],"India.":[213,266],"both":[215],"ensured":[221],"comprehensive,":[223],"perspective":[225],"on":[226,262],"its":[230,260],"implications.":[232],"combination":[234],"PCA":[236],"(for":[237,244],"data-driven":[238],"index":[239],"creation)":[240],"ranking":[243],"relative":[245],"comparisons)":[246],"enhanced":[247],"methodological":[248],"robustness,":[249],"providing":[250],"validated,":[252],"scalable":[253],"approach":[254],"assessing":[256],"district-level":[257],"impact":[261],"public":[263],"Future":[267],"temporal":[268],"spatial":[270],"analyses":[271],"should":[272],"explore":[273],"causal":[275],"between":[277]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-04-09T00:00:00"}
