{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409155754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","title":"Evaluation of the importance of critical minerals in China","display_name":"Evaluation of the importance of critical minerals in China","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409155754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101027213","display_name":"Xiaojuan Ren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802497816","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02gp4e279","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojuan Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China","MNR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, China","Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MNR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041083545","display_name":"Fengyan Fan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802497816","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02gp4e279","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fengyan Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China","MNR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, China","Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MNR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002061027","display_name":"Qunyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-0057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-0057"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802497816","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02gp4e279","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qunyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China","MNR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, China","Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MNR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802497816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yan Lv","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147819","display_name":"Institute of Archaeology","ror":"https://ror.org/05rnyty77","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114218197","https://openalex.org/I4210147819"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology Archaeology Department, Beijing Institute of Archaeology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology Archaeology Department, Beijing Institute of Archaeology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147819"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041083545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802497816"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":1.7864,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82178587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.6963000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.6963000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.18709999322891235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11933","display_name":"Mining and Resource Management","score":0.050200000405311584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-minerals","display_name":"critical minerals","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-supply-security","display_name":"mineral supply security","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-resource-assessment","display_name":"mineral resource assessment","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-classification","display_name":"mineral classification","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitical-conflict","display_name":"geopolitical conflict","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel","display_name":"nickel","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium","display_name":"lithium","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hafnium","display_name":"hafnium","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zirconium","display_name":"zirconium","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tungsten","display_name":"tungsten","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potash","display_name":"potash","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gold","display_name":"gold","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-elements","display_name":"rare earth elements","score":0.46000000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5365405678749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.5191097259521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.4935964345932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.4110797047615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.37065309286117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15536734461784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0856587290763855}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ce49794b4fb4b9089cd33448ca9ab6b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ce49794b4fb4b9089cd33448ca9ab6b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol 13 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2025.1491360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4297568446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72074199 72088101 41901252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334926","display_name":"China Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/04wtq2305"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977121490","https://openalex.org/W2054653978","https://openalex.org/W2056843750","https://openalex.org/W2198175352","https://openalex.org/W2301383398","https://openalex.org/W2321993201","https://openalex.org/W2322478948","https://openalex.org/W2349279110","https://openalex.org/W2372219340","https://openalex.org/W2609883032","https://openalex.org/W2756411853","https://openalex.org/W2780223926","https://openalex.org/W2888473341","https://openalex.org/W2906270050","https://openalex.org/W2910152165","https://openalex.org/W2913464089","https://openalex.org/W2984416749","https://openalex.org/W3092704591","https://openalex.org/W4293214619","https://openalex.org/W4377230346","https://openalex.org/W4390849992","https://openalex.org/W6981608182","https://openalex.org/W7018395576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1531601525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Critical":[0],"minerals":[1,59,100,127,157],"are":[2,128,186,196,239],"the":[3,12,36,46,55,61,112,119,123,149,153,162,172,233,236],"basic":[4],"resources":[5,117],"that":[6,170],"support":[7],"many":[8],"strategic":[9,106,136,141],"industries,":[10],"and":[11,17,45,122,139,184,194,204,212,218,225],"importance":[13,151,217],"of":[14,39,57,63,91,105,114,118,148,152,156,187,197],"their":[15,51],"safety":[16],"security":[18,65],"cannot":[19],"be":[20,84],"overstated.":[21],"In":[22],"recent":[23],"years,":[24],"as":[25,68],"geopolitical":[26],"conflicts":[27],"have":[28,32,49,206,214,227],"intensified,":[29],"higher":[30],"demands":[31],"been":[33],"placed":[34],"on":[35,102],"stable":[37,89],"supply":[38,56,90,209],"critical":[40,58,79,115],"minerals.":[41,143],"The":[42,167],"United":[43,120],"States":[44,121],"European":[47,124],"Union":[48],"strengthened":[50],"mechanisms":[52],"for":[53,78],"securing":[54],"through":[60],"establishment":[62],"mineral":[64,93,107,116],"partnerships.":[66],"China,":[67],"a":[69,74,88,145,207,228],"large":[70],"resource":[71],"consumer,":[72],"has":[73],"long":[75],"evaluation":[76,147,234],"interval":[77],"minerals,":[80,134,138,174],"which":[81],"needs":[82],"to":[83,86,111,232],"re-examined":[85],"guarantee":[87],"important":[92],"resources.":[94],"This":[95],"study":[96],"identifies":[97],"32":[98],"assessed":[99],"based":[101],"China\u2019s":[103],"list":[104],"resources,":[108],"with":[109],"reference":[110],"lists":[113],"Union.":[125],"These":[126],"categorized":[129],"into":[130],"long-term":[131],"balanced":[132],"developmental":[133],"national":[135,140],"advantage":[137],"scarce":[142],"Then,":[144],"comprehensive":[146],"relative":[150],"three":[154],"types":[155],"was":[158],"carried":[159],"out":[160],"using":[161],"linear":[163],"weighted":[164],"sum":[165],"method.":[166],"results":[168],"show":[169],"among":[171],"classified":[173],"nickel,":[175],"gold,":[176],"potash,":[177],"chromium,":[178,201],"tungsten,":[179,223],"arsenic,":[180,224],"bismuth,":[181],"lithium,":[182,202],"zirconium,":[183,203],"hafnium":[185,205],"greater":[188],"significance,":[189],"phosphorus,":[190],"molybdenum,":[191],"barite,":[192],"niobium,":[193],"tantalum":[195],"lesser":[198],"importance.":[199],"Nickel,":[200],"high":[208],"risk.":[210],"Potash":[211],"gold":[213],"good":[215],"economic":[216],"market":[219],"prospects,":[220],"respectively,":[221],"while":[222],"bismuth":[226],"strong":[229],"influence.":[230],"According":[231],"results,":[235],"corresponding":[237],"suggestions":[238],"put":[240],"forward.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
