{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408934409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","title":"Critical thinking and clinical skills by problem-based learning educational methods: an umbrella systematic review","display_name":"Critical thinking and clinical skills by problem-based learning educational methods: an umbrella systematic review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408934409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40155947","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11951611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002578704","display_name":"Weili Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3762-7977","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3762-7977"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153274","display_name":"Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrsb51","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158774","display_name":"Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05m0wv206","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158774","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Li Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China","Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I4210153274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051882211","display_name":"Xia-yin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-4122","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-4122"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158774","display_name":"Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05m0wv206","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158774","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia-Yin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087604841","display_name":"Jiangbo Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-5490","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-5490"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158774","display_name":"Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05m0wv206","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158774","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang-Bo Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086362387","display_name":"Jianjun Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0368-0999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0368-0999"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158774","display_name":"Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05m0wv206","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158774","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian-Jun Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455344","display_name":"Tao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-4428","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-4428"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158774","display_name":"Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05m0wv206","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158774","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004715828","display_name":"Yifei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1352-5418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1352-5418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158774","display_name":"Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05m0wv206","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158774","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Fei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069730399","display_name":"Yafei Mi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158774","display_name":"Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05m0wv206","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158774","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ya-Fei Mi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China. Miyf@enzemed.com","Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China. Miyf@enzemed.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026630931","display_name":"Tao\u2010Hsin Tung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2097-8375","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2097-8375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27781120","display_name":"Wenzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rd5t069","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153274","display_name":"Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrsb51","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao-Hsin Tung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China. ch2876@yeah.net","Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China. ch2876@yeah.net","Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China","Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China. ch2876@yeah.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China. ch2876@yeah.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026630931","https://openalex.org/A5069730399"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27781120","https://openalex.org/I4210153274","https://openalex.org/I4210158774"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":12.2172,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98903177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"455","last_page":"455"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11715","display_name":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-based-learning","display_name":"problem-based learning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-thinking","display_name":"critical thinking","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-skills","display_name":"clinical skills","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"medical education","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing-education","display_name":"nursing education","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-education","display_name":"dental education","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postgraduate-medical-education","display_name":"graduate medical education","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-directed-learning","display_name":"self-directed learning","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-centered-learning","display_name":"student-centered learning","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-effectiveness","display_name":"educational effectiveness","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060990","display_name":"Problem-based learning","level":2,"score":0.5830554366111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C533356498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843894","display_name":"Critical thinking","level":2,"score":0.5486470460891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5228520035743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4194266200065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3783590495586395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3597291111946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.35839319229125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34489405155181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12648877501487732}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004504","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Undergraduate","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013337","descriptor_name":"Students, Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013850","descriptor_name":"Thinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018794","descriptor_name":"Problem-Based Learning","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4737796/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4737796/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4737796/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:10762686","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11951611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11951611","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11951611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Educ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:40155947","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40155947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical education","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a01c3b36cd294fb6bd4444fefcd23665","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a01c3b36cd294fb6bd4444fefcd23665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education, Vol 25, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06951-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.975600004196167},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16101511","https://openalex.org/W196799912","https://openalex.org/W1969682776","https://openalex.org/W1970596725","https://openalex.org/W1972711511","https://openalex.org/W1978957178","https://openalex.org/W1982405425","https://openalex.org/W2025132855","https://openalex.org/W2039216081","https://openalex.org/W2058051871","https://openalex.org/W2066346327","https://openalex.org/W2071248069","https://openalex.org/W2073644162","https://openalex.org/W2075416894","https://openalex.org/W2081440093","https://openalex.org/W2100550960","https://openalex.org/W2112780789","https://openalex.org/W2117181332","https://openalex.org/W2122330521","https://openalex.org/W2142370391","https://openalex.org/W2145936815","https://openalex.org/W2182556869","https://openalex.org/W2186379737","https://openalex.org/W2473848531","https://openalex.org/W2753371688","https://openalex.org/W2756578555","https://openalex.org/W2761357086","https://openalex.org/W2771044916","https://openalex.org/W2791105933","https://openalex.org/W2909164280","https://openalex.org/W3017244233","https://openalex.org/W3021133023","https://openalex.org/W3216572326","https://openalex.org/W4212929285","https://openalex.org/W4221108182","https://openalex.org/W4308461273","https://openalex.org/W4309600707","https://openalex.org/W4309608240","https://openalex.org/W4310465262","https://openalex.org/W4379600269","https://openalex.org/W4385455515","https://openalex.org/W4387095220","https://openalex.org/W4387952967","https://openalex.org/W4388750717","https://openalex.org/W4389074057","https://openalex.org/W4392947714","https://openalex.org/W4394869542","https://openalex.org/W4396766881","https://openalex.org/W4399739370","https://openalex.org/W4403448546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411042154","https://openalex.org/W4362710929","https://openalex.org/W4416171072","https://openalex.org/W4412800096","https://openalex.org/W2216089306","https://openalex.org/W52641408","https://openalex.org/W3162321407","https://openalex.org/W4309600707","https://openalex.org/W2356329230","https://openalex.org/W4416046331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Problem-based":[1],"learning":[2],"(PBL),":[3],"based":[4],"on":[5,47],"self-directed":[6],"learning,":[7],"is":[8,135],"an":[9,148],"instructional":[10,150],"strategy":[11],"that":[12,121],"shifts":[13],"the":[14,17,20,48,98],"approach":[15],"from":[16],"instructor":[18],"to":[19,42,65,137,177],"student":[21],"(student-centered).":[22],"Notwithstanding":[23],"its":[24,32],"adoption":[25],"in":[26,81,84,175],"undergraduate":[27,66],"and":[28,50,55,73,88,92,110,128,147,158,165],"graduate":[29],"medical":[30,67,74,171],"education,":[31],"usefulness":[33],"remains":[34],"a":[35,145],"topic":[36],"of":[37,52,90,97,105],"debate.":[38],"This":[39],"study":[40,101],"aims":[41],"review":[43],"current":[44],"worldwide":[45],"data":[46],"efficacy":[49],"utility":[51],"critical":[53,129],"thinking":[54,130],"clinical":[56,126],"skills":[57,127,164],"using":[58],"PBL":[59,122,142,174],"educational":[60],"methods":[61],"for":[62,169],"teaching":[63],"programs":[64],"students,":[68,70],"ursing":[69],"dental":[71,159],"students":[72],"residents.":[75],"METHODS:":[76],"The":[77,118],"search":[78],"was":[79],"conducted":[80],"June":[82],"2024":[83],"PubMed,":[85],"Cochrane,":[86],"Embase,":[87],"Web":[89],"Science":[91],"included":[93],"all":[94],"publications":[95],"regardless":[96],"publication":[99],"date,":[100],"design,":[102],"or":[103],"country":[104],"origin.":[106],"RESULTS:":[107],"Thirteen":[108],"meta-analyses":[109],"systematic":[111],"reviews":[112],"were":[113],"compiled":[114],"through":[115,173],"database":[116],"screening.":[117],"results":[119],"showed":[120],"effectively":[123],"enhanced":[124],"students'":[125],"abilities;":[131],"nevertheless,":[132],"further":[133],"evidence":[134],"needed":[136],"confirm":[138],"this":[139],"finding.":[140],"CONCLUSION:":[141],"may":[143],"be":[144],"successful":[146],"effective":[149],"strategy,":[151],"not":[152],"only":[153],"medical,":[154],"but":[155],"also":[156],"nursing":[157],"education.":[160],"Students":[161],"can":[162],"learn":[163],"acquire":[166],"competencies":[167],"useful":[168],"their":[170,178],"professionalism":[172],"addition":[176],"existing":[179],"knowledge.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-03-29T00:00:00"}
