{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408757828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","title":"Crosslinking PDADMAC/PSS polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes for stability at high salinity","display_name":"Crosslinking PDADMAC/PSS polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes for stability at high salinity","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408757828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119469986","display_name":"Journal of Membrane Science","issn_l":"0376-7388","issn":["0376-7388","1873-3123"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Membrane Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2186-0195","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2186-0195"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261053","display_name":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04pk9k962","country_code":"NL","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, the Netherlands","Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2186-0195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080007332","display_name":"Antoine J.B. Kemperman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-212X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-212X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261053","display_name":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04pk9k962","country_code":"NL","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoine J.B. Kemperman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, the Netherlands","Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-212X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Henk Miedema","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261053","display_name":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04pk9k962","country_code":"NL","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261053"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henk Miedema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079586468","display_name":"Esra te Brinke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-9006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-9006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esra te Brinke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2218-9006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010299255","display_name":"Wiebe M. de Vos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0133-1931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0133-1931"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wiebe M. de Vos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0133-1931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Membrane Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010299255"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":4890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4890},"apc_paid":{"value":4890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4890},"fwci":3.3076,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92410281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"725","issue":null,"first_page":"124007","last_page":"124007"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12074","display_name":"Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12274","display_name":"Electrostatics and Colloid Interactions","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyelectrolyte-multilayer-membranes","display_name":"polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanofiltration","display_name":"nanofiltration","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poly-diallyldimethylammonium-chloride","display_name":"poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polystyrene-sulfonate","display_name":"polystyrene sulfonate","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surfactant-resistance","display_name":"surfactant resistance","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-weight-cutoff","display_name":"molecular weight cut-off","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-charge","display_name":"membrane charge","score":0.7559999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153356533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901016","display_name":"Polyelectrolyte","level":3,"score":0.9192156791687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.8134316802024841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.6095897555351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5949426889419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4051717519760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.352003812789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15414035320281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.11697590351104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10507836937904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.09870892763137817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.051737040281295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119469986","display_name":"Journal of Membrane Science","issn_l":"0376-7388","issn":["0376-7388","1873-3123"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Membrane Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/841466ea-b4d3-4147-b24f-ce2ebba8db69","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/841466ea-b4d3-4147-b24f-ce2ebba8db69","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zhang, X, Kemperman, A J B, Miedema, H, te Brinke, E & de Vos, W M 2025, 'Crosslinking PDADMAC/PSS polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes for stability at high salinity', Journal of membrane science, vol. 725, 124007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119469986","display_name":"Journal of Membrane Science","issn_l":"0376-7388","issn":["0376-7388","1873-3123"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Membrane Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.5199999809265137}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5453308124","display_name":"Entrepreneurial Multidisciplinary scientists forging Pathways Onto clean Water, sustainable Energy and Resources","funder_award_id":"101034321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G86415702","display_name":"Entrepreneurial Multidisciplinary scientists forging Pathways Onto clean Water, sustainable Energy and Resources","funder_award_id":"101034321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321015","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324226","display_name":"Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu","ror":"https://ror.org/056a6x975"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331584","display_name":"Wetsus","ror":"https://ror.org/04pk9k962"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W782302452","https://openalex.org/W1980611834","https://openalex.org/W1991458850","https://openalex.org/W2000923132","https://openalex.org/W2003865203","https://openalex.org/W2006712306","https://openalex.org/W2015069884","https://openalex.org/W2015868166","https://openalex.org/W2020342495","https://openalex.org/W2020767241","https://openalex.org/W2026107175","https://openalex.org/W2028620022","https://openalex.org/W2029621928","https://openalex.org/W2030853412","https://openalex.org/W2036477521","https://openalex.org/W2038589035","https://openalex.org/W2039826082","https://openalex.org/W2041552752","https://openalex.org/W2047529017","https://openalex.org/W2047924174","https://openalex.org/W2051216719","https://openalex.org/W2053085104","https://openalex.org/W2076978952","https://openalex.org/W2084531975","https://openalex.org/W2084871498","https://openalex.org/W2092771195","https://openalex.org/W2113990724","https://openalex.org/W2117208350","https://openalex.org/W2134272255","https://openalex.org/W2152411537","https://openalex.org/W2164701087","https://openalex.org/W2312802988","https://openalex.org/W2318111197","https://openalex.org/W2322907578","https://openalex.org/W2327786507","https://openalex.org/W2530897128","https://openalex.org/W2752341101","https://openalex.org/W2799492176","https://openalex.org/W2922224757","https://openalex.org/W2960803687","https://openalex.org/W2975233432","https://openalex.org/W3008271831","https://openalex.org/W3046420609","https://openalex.org/W3089392910","https://openalex.org/W3093099073","https://openalex.org/W3116380124","https://openalex.org/W3191096183","https://openalex.org/W3198081299","https://openalex.org/W3204952248","https://openalex.org/W3213217373","https://openalex.org/W4323322450","https://openalex.org/W4372313296","https://openalex.org/W4387504480","https://openalex.org/W4388452046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1968818447","https://openalex.org/W2134272255","https://openalex.org/W883119462","https://openalex.org/W2364020808","https://openalex.org/W2089836632","https://openalex.org/W2169125446","https://openalex.org/W2084899505","https://openalex.org/W2797327413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Polyelectrolyte":[0],"multilayer":[1,296],"(PEM)":[2],"nanofiltration":[3],"(NF)":[4],"membranes":[5,34,104,115,137,164,194,210,216,283,316],"based":[6],"on":[7,73,102],"PDADMAC":[8],"(poly":[9,13],"(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride))":[10],"and":[11,22,46,93,145,259,311,345],"PSS":[12],"(sodium":[14],"4-styrenesulfonate))":[15],"are":[16,195],"known":[17],"for":[18,172,287],"their":[19],"high":[20,27,84,117,251],"physical":[21],"chemical":[23],"stability.":[24],"However,":[25],"under":[26],"salinity":[28],"conditions,":[29],"the":[30,59,111,160,177,181,190,236,239,250,272],"stability":[31,78,112,179,308,319],"of":[32,113,125,153,162,180,189,208,215,266,274],"these":[33],"is":[35,71,297],"compromised":[36],"due":[37],"to":[38,43,129,135,211,244,278,323,334],"weakened":[39],"electrostatic":[40],"interactions,":[41],"leading":[42],"increased":[44,165],"permeability":[45,121,143,161,344],"decreased":[47],"retention.":[48,347],"This":[49,269],"study":[50,270],"addresses":[51],"this":[52,69],"challenge":[53],"by":[54,81,166,249],"crosslinking":[55,70,108,275],"PDADMAC/PSS":[56,114,281,295],"multilayers":[57],"with":[58,119,184,197,218,276,284,299,336],"photosensitive,":[60,300],"negatively":[61,301],"charged":[62,302],"crosslinker":[63],"DAS":[64,86,107,185,221,228,277,337],"(disodium":[65],"4,4\u2032-diazidostilbene-2,2\u2032-disulfonate":[66],"tetrahydrate).":[67],"Initially,":[68],"studied":[72],"model":[74],"surfaces,":[75],"demonstrating":[76],"full":[77],"against":[79,309],"desorption":[80],"surfactants":[82,310],"at":[83,94,116],"enough":[85,96],"concentrations":[87],"(1":[88,223],"g":[89,224],"L":[90,225],"\u22121":[91,226],")":[92],"long":[95],"UV":[97],"exposure":[98],"(10":[99],"min).":[100],"Experiments":[101],"PEM":[103,307],"demonstrate":[105],"that":[106],"significantly":[109],"enhanced":[110],"salinity,":[118],"no":[120],"increase":[122,144],"or":[123],"loss":[124,148],"selectivity":[126,286],"observed":[127],"up":[128,322],"1.5":[130],"M":[131,158,325],"NaCl,":[132,159],"in":[133,149,291,320],"contrast":[134],"non-crosslinked":[136,163,209],"showing":[138],"a":[139,198,219],"reversible":[140],"61":[141],"%":[142,168,171],"an":[146],"irreversible":[147],"MgSO":[150],"4":[151,157,255,324],"retention":[152,256,263],"15":[154],"%.":[155],"At":[156],"300":[167],"versus":[169],"90":[170],"crosslinked":[173,217,267,298],"membranes,":[174],"again":[175],"indicating":[176],"improved":[178,318],"latter.":[182],"Crosslinking":[183,305,340],"further":[186],"allows":[187],"tuning":[188],"membrane":[191,240],"properties,":[192],"denser":[193],"formed":[196],"lower":[199],"molecular":[200],"weight":[201],"cut-off":[202],"(MWCO),":[203],"from":[204,242,332],"around":[205,212],"861":[206],"Da":[207,214],"354":[213],"low":[220,260],"concentration":[222],").":[227],"introduces":[229],"negative":[230,335],"charges":[231],"(sulfonic":[232],"acid":[233],"groups)":[234],"into":[235],"PEMs,":[237],"changing":[238],"charge":[241,330],"positive":[243,333],"highly":[245],"negative,":[246],"as":[247],"evidenced":[248],"Na":[252],"2":[253,262],"SO":[254],"(\u223c95":[257],"%)":[258,265],"CaCl":[261],"(\u223c7":[264],"membranes.":[268],"demonstrates":[271],"potential":[273],"produce":[279],"stable":[280],"NF":[282],"tunable":[285],"challenging":[288],"separation":[289],"processes":[290],"high-salinity":[292,312],"environments.":[293],"\u2022":[294,304,314,327,339],"DAS.":[303],"enhances":[306,341],"conditions.":[313],"Crosslinked":[315],"show":[317],"filtration":[321],"NaCl.":[326],"Membrane":[328],"surface":[329],"shifts":[331],"incorporation.":[338],"pure":[342],"water":[343],"salt":[346]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}