{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408735232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","title":"Advancements and challenges in CT image segmentation for COVID-19 diagnosis through augmented and virtual Reality: A systematic review and future perspectives","display_name":"Advancements and challenges in CT image segmentation for COVID-19 diagnosis through augmented and virtual Reality: A systematic review and future perspectives","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408735232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764632503","display_name":"Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences","issn_l":"1687-8507","issn":["1687-8507","2314-7164"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055412545","display_name":"Kahina Amara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-0143","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6673-0143"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102186","display_name":"Centre de D\u00e9veloppement des Technologies Avanc\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/01ay87255","country_code":"DZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102186"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kahina Amara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Development of Advanced Techniques, Algiers, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Development of Advanced Techniques, Algiers, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021071389","display_name":"Oussama Kerdjidj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-4917","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-4917"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102186","display_name":"Centre de D\u00e9veloppement des Technologies Avanc\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/01ay87255","country_code":"DZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102186"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oussama Kerdjidj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Development of Advanced Techniques, Algiers, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Development of Advanced Techniques, Algiers, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049323883","display_name":"Mohamed Amine Guerroudji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-9778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8847-9778"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102186","display_name":"Centre de D\u00e9veloppement des Technologies Avanc\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/01ay87255","country_code":"DZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102186"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Amine Guerroudji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Development of Advanced Techniques, Algiers, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Development of Advanced Techniques, Algiers, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017247293","display_name":"Nadia Zenati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102186","display_name":"Centre de D\u00e9veloppement des Technologies Avanc\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/01ay87255","country_code":"DZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102186"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Zenati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Development of Advanced Techniques, Algiers, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Development of Advanced Techniques, Algiers, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080291510","display_name":"Naeem Ramzan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-1462","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5088-1462"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naeem Ramzan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080291510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1400},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1400},"fwci":0.9875,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66844481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"101374","last_page":"101374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-diagnosis","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ct-segmentation","display_name":"CT image segmentation","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"augmented reality","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"virtual reality","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chest-ct","display_name":"chest CT","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersive-technologies","display_name":"immersive technologies","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-diagnosis","display_name":"automated diagnosis","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-device-processing","display_name":"on-device processing","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-deep-learning-models","display_name":"lightweight deep learning","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-data-privacy","display_name":"patient data privacy","score":0.722000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7578043341636658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.6815601587295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.56572425365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5380553603172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.43843719363212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.431551456451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.33749860525131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3141356110572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.29428529739379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2717779874801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.14665880799293518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.08691716194152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764632503","display_name":"Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences","issn_l":"1687-8507","issn":["1687-8507","2314-7164"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/428b69ff-99e6-4ead-9c34-6b4a3c44fbf6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/428b69ff-99e6-4ead-9c34-6b4a3c44fbf6","pdf_url":"https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/62001489/2025_02_13_Amara_et_al_Advancements_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402572","display_name":"The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","host_organization_name":"University of the West of Scotland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Amara, K, Kerdjidj , O, Guerroudji, M A, Zenati, N & Ramzan, N 2025, 'Advancements and challenges in CT image segmentation for COVID-19 diagnosis through augmented and virtual reality : a systematic review and future perspectives', Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 18, no. 2, 101374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764632503","display_name":"Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences","issn_l":"1687-8507","issn":["1687-8507","2314-7164"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408735232.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408735232.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W3014725478","https://openalex.org/W3042796256","https://openalex.org/W3043933124","https://openalex.org/W3092462072","https://openalex.org/W3092624683","https://openalex.org/W3114083731","https://openalex.org/W3121891683","https://openalex.org/W3127596160","https://openalex.org/W3150298593","https://openalex.org/W3183011410","https://openalex.org/W3215193005","https://openalex.org/W4200529416","https://openalex.org/W4205702052","https://openalex.org/W4210263908","https://openalex.org/W4220761741","https://openalex.org/W4220902507","https://openalex.org/W4220928895","https://openalex.org/W4225796798","https://openalex.org/W4281638818","https://openalex.org/W4285230585","https://openalex.org/W4288040594","https://openalex.org/W4365807623","https://openalex.org/W4366153408","https://openalex.org/W4366153451","https://openalex.org/W4380357723","https://openalex.org/W4385708469","https://openalex.org/W4385967705","https://openalex.org/W4385974372","https://openalex.org/W4388295245","https://openalex.org/W4390628559","https://openalex.org/W4390838582","https://openalex.org/W4391247752","https://openalex.org/W4391264656","https://openalex.org/W4405908104","https://openalex.org/W6784983003","https://openalex.org/W6794166165","https://openalex.org/W6798931709","https://openalex.org/W6807151559","https://openalex.org/W6838778584","https://openalex.org/W6846996255","https://openalex.org/W6855505703","https://openalex.org/W6859317526","https://openalex.org/W6986496737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281819101","https://openalex.org/W4365807623","https://openalex.org/W4220761741","https://openalex.org/W3215193005","https://openalex.org/W4366153408","https://openalex.org/W4212877438","https://openalex.org/W4200138904","https://openalex.org/W3154493450","https://openalex.org/W3014725478","https://openalex.org/W3035740374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,166],"article":[1],"presents":[2,297],"a":[3,181,298],"systematic":[4],"exploration":[5],"of":[6,63,113,133,147,227,254,312,328,370,381],"the":[7,130,169,224,240,251,310,326,333,367,379],"synergy":[8],"between":[9],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"(AI)":[12,257],"and":[13,19,49,56,67,96,105,117,135,149,177,215,231,247,258,286,294,305,314,321,357,384],"immersive":[14,65,136],"technologies":[15,137,372],"augmented":[16],"reality":[17,21],"(AR)":[18,230],"virtual":[20],"(VR)":[22,234],"in":[23,78,138,188,235,244,268,316,360,373],"diagnosing":[24],"Coronavirus":[25],"disease":[26],"2019":[27],"(COVID-":[28],"19)":[29],"using":[30],"computerised":[31],"tomography":[32],"(CT)":[33],"medical":[34,290],"imaging.":[35],"Prior":[36],"reviews":[37],"have":[38],"separately":[39],"tackled":[40],"COVID-19":[41,72,99,140,218,241,270],"CT":[42,55,68,91,172,206,274],"diagnosis,":[43],"focusing":[44,198],"extensively":[45],"on":[46,88,171,199,210],"image":[47,69,92,173,207],"segmentation":[48,70,93,174,208],"classification":[50],"tasks,":[51],"often":[52],"encompassing":[53],"both":[54],"X-ray":[57],"images.":[58],"However,":[59,309],"an":[60,195],"integrated":[61],"consideration":[62],"AI,":[64],"technologies,":[66,179],"for":[71,98,156,184,217,289,301,335],"diagnosis":[73,141,246],"has":[74,262],"been":[75,263],"notably":[76],"absent":[77],"existing":[79],"literature.":[80],"To":[81],"bridge":[82],"this":[83,189],"gap,":[84],"our":[85],"analysis":[86],"concentrates":[87],"methods":[89],"merging":[90],"with":[94,213],"AR":[95,176,214,293,315],"VR":[97,178,216,313],"diagnostics,":[100],"leveraging":[101],"prominent":[102],"search":[103],"engines":[104],"databases:":[106],"Google,":[107],"Google":[108],"Scholar,":[109],"IEEE":[110],"Xplore,":[111],"Web":[112],"Science,":[114],"PubMed,":[115],"ScienceDirect,":[116],"Scopus.":[118],"Our":[119],"in-depth":[120],"examination":[121],"furnished":[122],"comprehensive":[123],"insights":[124],"from":[125,272],"each":[126],"selected":[127],"research,":[128],"revealing":[129],"promising":[131,190,299],"potential":[132,226],"AI":[134,295],"expediting":[139],"through":[142],"process":[143],"automation.":[144],"The":[145,192,220],"development":[146],"precise":[148],"rapid":[150],"diagnostic":[151,278,303],"models":[152,261,347],"holds":[153],"considerable":[154],"promise":[155],"real-time":[157,358],"clinical":[158],"application,":[159],"even":[160],"though":[161],"further":[162],"research":[163,186],"is":[164],"imperative.":[165],"review":[167],"categorises":[168],"literature":[170],"employing":[175],"laying":[180],"solid":[182],"foundation":[183],"future":[185],"endeavours":[187],"intersection.":[191],"authors":[193],"conducted":[194],"extensive":[196],"analysis,":[197],"methodologies":[200],"that":[201,280],"combine":[202],"deep":[203,259,344],"learning":[204,260,345],"based":[205,209],"Deep":[211],"Learning":[212],"diagnostics.":[219],"study":[221],"outcomes":[222],"highlight":[223],"transformative":[225],"Augmented":[228],"Reality":[229,233],"Virtual":[232],"enhancing":[236,353],"healthcare":[237,317],"delivery":[238],"during":[239],"pandemic,":[242],"particularly":[243],"aiding":[245],"treatment":[248,307],"planning.":[249],"Furthermore,":[250],"widespread":[252],"adoption":[253],"Artificial":[255],"Intelligence":[256],"proven":[264],"to":[265,325,339],"be":[266],"instrumental":[267],"detecting":[269],"infections":[271],"chest":[273],"images,":[275],"offering":[276],"automated":[277],"solutions":[279],"streamline":[281],"workflows,":[282],"reduce":[283],"patient":[284,306,330],"contact,":[285],"improve":[287],"efficiency":[288],"professionals.":[291],"VR,":[292],"integration":[296],"avenue":[300],"advancing":[302],"precision":[304],"strategies.":[308],"use":[311],"raises":[318],"significant":[319,368],"privacy":[320],"security":[322],"concerns":[323],"due":[324],"handling":[327],"sensitive":[329],"data,":[331],"underscoring":[332],"need":[334],"robust":[336],"regulatory":[337,385],"frameworks":[338],"govern":[340],"their":[341,354],"application.":[342],"Lightweight":[343],"(DL)":[346],"facilitate":[348],"efficient":[349],"on-device":[350],"processing,":[351],"significantly":[352],"utility,":[355],"scalability,":[356],"deployment":[359],"resource-constrained":[361],"environments.":[362],"Together,":[363],"these":[364],"findings":[365],"demonstrate":[366],"role":[369],"emerging":[371],"addressing":[374,382],"pandemic":[375],"challenges,":[376],"while":[377],"highlighting":[378],"importance":[380],"ethical":[383],"considerations.":[386]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2025-03-23T00:00:00"}