{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408697706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2024.3511922","title":"Spatial Frequencies and Degrees of Freedom: Their roles in near-field communications","display_name":"Spatial Frequencies and Degrees of Freedom: Their roles in near-field communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408697706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2024.3511922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2024.3511922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2024.3511922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2024.3511922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.07448","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086134860","display_name":"Alva Kosasih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-2367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-2367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alva Kosasih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Communication Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-2367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Communication Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030697206","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Tu\u011ffe Demir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-2799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-2799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13236232","display_name":"TOBB University of Economics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ewx7v96","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13236232"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d6zlem Tu\u011ffe Demir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-2799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13236232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066444755","display_name":"Nikolaos Kolomvakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-789X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-789X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Kolomvakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Communication Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-789X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Communication Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062293532","display_name":"Emil Bj\u00f6rnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-434X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-434X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Bj\u00f6rnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Communication Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5954-434X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Communication Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5587,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95852585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"1","first_page":"33","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.7768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.7768999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.08100000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.026200000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-field-communication","display_name":"near field communication","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-frequency","display_name":"spatial frequency","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degrees-of-freedom","display_name":"degrees of freedom","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/far-field-propagation","display_name":"far-field propagation","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spherical-wavefront","display_name":"spherical wavefront","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-focusing","display_name":"beam focusing","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-geometry","display_name":"array geometry","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-channel-modeling","display_name":"wireless channel modeling","score":0.6850000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.509053647518158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4899996817111969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C208081375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502","display_name":"Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.457680881023407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4478505551815033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2678070366382599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1813964545726776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/msp.2024.3511922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2024.3511922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2024.3511922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120977877","display_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","issn_l":"1053-5888","issn":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.07448","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.07448","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.07448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.07448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.07448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.07448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.07448","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.07448","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.07448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6399953698","display_name":"L\u00e5ngtg\u00e5ende datatransmission i n\u00e4rf\u00e4ltet med omfattande skiktning","funder_award_id":"2022-04222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6771436268","display_name":"Intelligenta tr\u00e5dl\u00f6sa n\u00e4tverk med innovativ antenntopologi","funder_award_id":"FFL18-0277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320940","funder_display_name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r\u00a0Strategisk Forskning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320940","display_name":"Stiftelsen f\u00f6r\u00a0Strategisk Forskning","ror":"https://ror.org/044wr7g58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408697706.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408697706.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056156948","https://openalex.org/W2106767571","https://openalex.org/W2128865660","https://openalex.org/W2170585064","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2772423203","https://openalex.org/W2799625724","https://openalex.org/W2918844997","https://openalex.org/W2955897898","https://openalex.org/W3006557588","https://openalex.org/W3201058623","https://openalex.org/W4226370247","https://openalex.org/W4297094903","https://openalex.org/W4312986535","https://openalex.org/W4319878826","https://openalex.org/W4324125657","https://openalex.org/W4366336780","https://openalex.org/W4384787987","https://openalex.org/W4386523965","https://openalex.org/W4387415329","https://openalex.org/W4387870614","https://openalex.org/W4390721567","https://openalex.org/W4390961667","https://openalex.org/W4392081492","https://openalex.org/W4394744873","https://openalex.org/W4394828428","https://openalex.org/W4403183552","https://openalex.org/W4407831639","https://openalex.org/W4411055241","https://openalex.org/W4411358686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405968041","https://openalex.org/W4415159188","https://openalex.org/W7131654269","https://openalex.org/W4401509091","https://openalex.org/W4409723885","https://openalex.org/W7163065293","https://openalex.org/W7139106585","https://openalex.org/W4415946707","https://openalex.org/W4386875443","https://openalex.org/W7134954583"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"wireless":[1,91],"technology":[2],"begins":[3],"to":[4,28,158],"utilize":[5],"physically":[6],"larger":[7],"arrays":[8],"and/or":[9],"higher":[10],"frequencies,":[11,84],"the":[12,40,51,60,68,87,100,103,122,132,138,142,151,171],"transmitter":[13],"and":[14,36,93,105,125,163,174],"receiver":[15],"will":[16],"reside":[17],"in":[18,50,67,98,102,121,131,177],"each":[19],"other\u2019s":[20],"radiative":[21],"near":[22,52,104,133],"field.":[23,53,70,134,179],"This":[24,71],"fact":[25],"gives":[26],"rise":[27],"unusual":[29],"propagation":[30,115],"phenomena,":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33],"spherical":[34],"wavefronts":[35],"beam":[37],"focusing,":[38],"creating":[39],"impression":[41],"that":[42],"new":[43],"spatial":[44,83,119,129,146,152,165],"dimensions\u2014calleddegrees":[45],"of":[46,90,128,144],"freedom(DOF)\u2014can":[47],"be":[48],"exploited":[49],"However,":[54],"this":[55,178],"is":[56],"a":[57,80,113],"fallacy":[58],"because":[59],"theoretically":[61],"maximum":[62],"DOF":[63,101],"are":[64,86],"already":[65],"achievable":[66],"far":[69,106,123],"article":[72],"sheds":[73],"light":[74],"on":[75,82],"these":[76],"issues":[77],"by":[78,94],"providing":[79],"tutorial":[81],"which":[85],"fundamental":[88],"components":[89],"channels,":[92],"explaining":[95],"their":[96,164],"role":[97],"characterizing":[99],"fields.":[107],"In":[108],"particular,":[109],"we":[110,169],"demonstrate":[111],"how":[112,137,157],"single":[114],"path":[116],"utilizes":[117],"one":[118],"frequency":[120,147],"field":[124],"an":[126],"interval":[127],"frequencies":[130],"We":[135,154],"explain":[136],"array":[139],"geometry":[140],"determines":[141],"number":[143],"distinguishable":[145],"bins":[148],"and,":[149],"thereby,":[150],"DOF.":[153],"also":[155],"describe":[156],"model":[159],"near-field":[160],"multipath":[161],"channels":[162],"correlation":[166],"matrices.":[167],"Finally,":[168],"discuss":[170],"research":[172],"challenges":[173],"future":[175],"directions":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-03-21T00:00:00"}