{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408635898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","title":"Reinfection Mechanisms of Various Viruses and Their Societal Implications","display_name":"Reinfection Mechanisms of Various Viruses and Their Societal Implications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408635898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","pdf_url":"https://media.sciltp.com/articles/2504000270/2504000270.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407040513","display_name":"Disease Biology Genetics and Socioecology","issn_l":"2982-3048","issn":["2982-3048"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disease Biology, Genetics, and Socioecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://media.sciltp.com/articles/2504000270/2504000270.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004867382","display_name":"Ryusuke Kimura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6046-039X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6046-039X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165735259","display_name":"Gunma University","ror":"https://ror.org/046fm7598","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165735259"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801071996","display_name":"Gumma Paz College","ror":"https://ror.org/05gx9az59","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801071996"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryusuke Kimura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan","Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi-shi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801071996"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi-shi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165735259"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuriko Hayashi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801071996","display_name":"Gumma Paz College","ror":"https://ror.org/05gx9az59","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801071996"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuriko Hayashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801071996"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008317649","display_name":"Yuka Sato\u2010Fujimoto","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131158317","display_name":"Tokyo Health Care University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvke928","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131158317"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuka Sato-Fujimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, Setagaya-ku 141-8648, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, Setagaya-ku 141-8648, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131158317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052209187","display_name":"Kei Miyakawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-6839","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-6839"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086300","display_name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/001ggbx22","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333985979","https://openalex.org/I4210086300","https://openalex.org/I4405286871"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kei Miyakawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-011, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-011, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084602343","display_name":"Kazuya Shirato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-9799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-9799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086300","display_name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/001ggbx22","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333985979","https://openalex.org/I4210086300","https://openalex.org/I4405286871"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuya Shirato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Virology III, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Virology III, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110356741","display_name":"Koo Nagasawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-3363","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-3363"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099339","display_name":"Chiba University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0126xah18","country_code":"JP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099339"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koo Nagasawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba-shi 260-8670, Chiba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba-shi 260-8670, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099339"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077509974","display_name":"Fuminori Mizukoshi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086300","display_name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/001ggbx22","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333985979","https://openalex.org/I4210086300","https://openalex.org/I4405286871"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuminori Mizukoshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Virology III, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Virology III, Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi 208-0011, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050476970","display_name":"Takeshi Tsugawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7226-3000","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7226-3000"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141882310","display_name":"Sapporo Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01h7cca57","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141882310"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takeshi Tsugawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo-shi 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo-shi 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141882310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019233921","display_name":"Akihide Ryo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6028-8091","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6028-8091"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131158317","display_name":"Tokyo Health Care University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wvke928","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131158317"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akihide Ryo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, Setagaya-ku 141-8648, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University, Setagaya-ku 141-8648, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131158317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104109567","display_name":"Hirokazu Kimura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801071996","display_name":"Gumma Paz College","ror":"https://ror.org/05gx9az59","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801071996"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hirokazu Kimura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan","Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Medical Science Research Center, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801071996"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki-shi 370-0006, Gunma, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801071996"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.4503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.4503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11135","display_name":"Virology and Viral Diseases","score":0.2433999925851822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11243","display_name":"Respiratory viral infections research","score":0.21130000054836273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measles-virus","display_name":"measles virus","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influenza-virus","display_name":"influenza virus","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-syncytial-virus","display_name":"respiratory syncytial virus","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-antigenic-variation","display_name":"viral antigenic variation","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-evasion","display_name":"immune evasion","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutralizing-antibodies","display_name":"neutralizing antibodies","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemagglutinin","display_name":"hemagglutinin","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike-receptor-binding-domain","display_name":"spike protein receptor-binding domain","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifelong-immunity","display_name":"lifelong immunity","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformational-epitopes","display_name":"conformational epitopes","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-effectiveness","display_name":"vaccine effectiveness","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-hesitancy","display_name":"vaccine hesitancy","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-policy","display_name":"public health policy","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-communication","display_name":"risk communication","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-factors-in-health-behavior","display_name":"cultural factors in health behavior","score":0.6110000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.4880286753177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.34974831342697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.33436867594718933}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","pdf_url":"https://media.sciltp.com/articles/2504000270/2504000270.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407040513","display_name":"Disease Biology Genetics and Socioecology","issn_l":"2982-3048","issn":["2982-3048"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disease Biology, Genetics, and Socioecology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53941/dbgs.2025.100004","pdf_url":"https://media.sciltp.com/articles/2504000270/2504000270.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407040513","display_name":"Disease Biology Genetics and Socioecology","issn_l":"2982-3048","issn":["2982-3048"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Disease Biology, Genetics, and Socioecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6934502437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP24fk0108661","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311405","funder_display_name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311405","display_name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/004rtk039"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408635898.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408635898.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W854301350","https://openalex.org/W1535021590","https://openalex.org/W1591890160","https://openalex.org/W1913350003","https://openalex.org/W1963681795","https://openalex.org/W2044885197","https://openalex.org/W2065944445","https://openalex.org/W2095336525","https://openalex.org/W2102847125","https://openalex.org/W2114654508","https://openalex.org/W2121009566","https://openalex.org/W2123817481","https://openalex.org/W2140468230","https://openalex.org/W2161428851","https://openalex.org/W2165224041","https://openalex.org/W2297009970","https://openalex.org/W2558274900","https://openalex.org/W2566537764","https://openalex.org/W2883296426","https://openalex.org/W2991324623","https://openalex.org/W2999423743","https://openalex.org/W3007643904","https://openalex.org/W3020062806","https://openalex.org/W3103134232","https://openalex.org/W3119432916","https://openalex.org/W4200073032","https://openalex.org/W4205187561","https://openalex.org/W4303575407","https://openalex.org/W4307623839","https://openalex.org/W4315866100","https://openalex.org/W4367293557","https://openalex.org/W4386325966","https://openalex.org/W4386864284","https://openalex.org/W4387364201","https://openalex.org/W4399231068","https://openalex.org/W4402846304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407010838","https://openalex.org/W4411249529","https://openalex.org/W2100360941","https://openalex.org/W4200474467","https://openalex.org/W3197046998","https://openalex.org/W3137032537","https://openalex.org/W2147063652","https://openalex.org/W1974542809","https://openalex.org/W3111710152","https://openalex.org/W3017017672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Viral":[0],"infections":[1,179],"involve":[2],"numerous":[3],"pathogens,":[4],"some":[5],"of":[6,118,138,172,197],"which":[7],"allow":[8],"reinfection":[9,22,96,174],"while":[10],"others,":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"measles":[14],"virus,":[15],"provide":[16],"lifelong":[17,119],"immunity.":[18],"The":[19],"differences":[20],"in":[21,29,54,87,203],"mechanisms":[23,145,175],"can":[24],"be":[25],"attributed":[26],"to":[27,74,95,165,200],"variations":[28],"viral":[30,150],"antigenicity":[31],"and":[32,108,152,162,195,208],"host":[33,50,153],"immune":[34,56,70,75,139],"responses.":[35,140],"Measles":[36],"virus":[37,106,168,178],"exhibits":[38],"highly":[39],"conserved":[40],"hemagglutinin":[41],"(HA)":[42],"proteins,":[43],"where":[44],"neutralizing":[45,132],"antibody-binding":[46,133],"regions":[47],"overlap":[48],"with":[49,131],"receptor-binding":[51,91],"sites,":[52,134],"resulting":[53],"effective":[55,190],"protection":[57],"against":[58],"reinfection.":[59],"In":[60],"contrast,":[61],"influenza":[62],"viruses":[63,116],"undergo":[64],"rapid":[65],"antigenic":[66],"evolution":[67,151],"driven":[68],"by":[69],"selection":[71],"pressures,":[72],"leading":[73],"escape":[76],"variants":[77],"that":[78,124],"facilitate":[79],"annual":[80],"reinfections.":[81,120,169],"SARS-CoV-2,":[82],"similarly,":[83],"shows":[84],"frequent":[85],"mutations":[86],"its":[88],"spike":[89],"protein":[90],"domain":[92],"(RBD),":[93],"contributing":[94],"despite":[97],"prior":[98],"immunity":[99],"from":[100],"vaccination":[101,191],"or":[102],"infection.":[103],"Respiratory":[104],"syncytial":[105],"(RSV)":[107],"human":[109],"respirovirus":[110],"type":[111],"3":[112],"(HRV3)":[113],"are":[114],"monoserotype":[115],"capable":[117],"Structural":[121],"analyses":[122],"indicate":[123],"their":[125],"conformational":[126],"epitopes":[127],"do":[128],"not":[129],"align":[130],"undermining":[135],"the":[136,147,173,187],"effectiveness":[137],"To":[141],"better":[142],"understand":[143],"these":[144],"highlights":[146],"interplay":[148],"between":[149],"defenses,":[154],"providing":[155],"essential":[156],"insights":[157],"for":[158,189],"developing":[159],"targeted":[160],"vaccines":[161],"therapeutic":[163],"strategies":[164],"combat":[166],"respiratory":[167],"Moreover,":[170],"understanding":[171],"regarding":[176],"various":[177],"may":[180],"significantly":[181],"influence":[182],"public":[183],"health":[184,206],"policies,":[185],"emphasizing":[186],"need":[188],"strategies,":[192],"risk":[193],"communication,":[194],"consideration":[196],"cultural":[198],"factors":[199],"address":[201],"challenges":[202],"vaccine":[204],"adoption,":[205],"behaviors,":[207],"societal":[209],"stigma.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2025-03-20T00:00:00"}