{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408521093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icei63732.2024.10917183","title":"MO-Transformer-IDS: Multi-objective Optimization-based Transformer for Multi-Classification Intrusion Detection of Cyber-Physical Power Systems","display_name":"MO-Transformer-IDS: Multi-objective Optimization-based Transformer for Multi-Classification Intrusion Detection of Cyber-Physical Power Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408521093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icei63732.2024.10917183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icei63732.2024.10917183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icei63732.2024.10917183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icei63732.2024.10917183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498496","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet (ICEI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet (ICEI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324876","display_name":"Rong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-3775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-3775","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-6726"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wenzhou University,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Digitalize Electrical Design Technology,Wenzhou,P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wenzhou University,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Digitalize Electrical Design Technology,Wenzhou,P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046775963","display_name":"Guo\u2010Qiang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-7420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-7420"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo-Qiang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wenzhou University & Jinan University,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Digitalize Electrical Design Technology & Collge of Cyber-Security,Wenzhou & Guangzhou,P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wenzhou University & Jinan University,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Digitalize Electrical Design Technology & Collge of Cyber-Security,Wenzhou & Guangzhou,P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803","https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072829479","display_name":"Kang\u2010Di Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0131-5085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0131-5085"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181326427","display_name":"Donghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/035psfh38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang-Di Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Donghua University,College of Information Science and Technology,Shanghai,P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Donghua University,College of Information Science and Technology,Shanghai,P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181326427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62675934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"13","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.7163000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.7163000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.24130000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.012299999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-systems","display_name":"intrusion detection systems","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-power-systems","display_name":"cyber-physical power systems","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"transformer models","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"multi-class classification","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-differential-evolution","display_name":"multi-objective differential evolution","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-compression","display_name":"model compression","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"hyperparameter optimization","score":0.7039999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6635249853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6438722014427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5715596675872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.5230872631072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24496909976005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.21417301893234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17794880270957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11106142401695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.04458191990852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icei63732.2024.10917183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icei63732.2024.10917183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icei63732.2024.10917183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498496","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet (ICEI)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Energy Internet (ICEI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020524857","https://openalex.org/W2919785014","https://openalex.org/W2965441324","https://openalex.org/W2969583644","https://openalex.org/W2970054631","https://openalex.org/W3042855339","https://openalex.org/W3093621053","https://openalex.org/W3164008977","https://openalex.org/W3187192629","https://openalex.org/W3217296435","https://openalex.org/W4285227013","https://openalex.org/W4285820203","https://openalex.org/W4311064426","https://openalex.org/W4312288272","https://openalex.org/W4313477864","https://openalex.org/W4319297852","https://openalex.org/W4323275401","https://openalex.org/W4327750468","https://openalex.org/W4360874943","https://openalex.org/W4378190553","https://openalex.org/W4386088899","https://openalex.org/W4387587526","https://openalex.org/W4387662349","https://openalex.org/W4388948449","https://openalex.org/W4390939204","https://openalex.org/W4391807504","https://openalex.org/W4393379748","https://openalex.org/W4394586042","https://openalex.org/W4397026375","https://openalex.org/W4402013287","https://openalex.org/W4402473500","https://openalex.org/W6871916345"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2133389611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"have":[3,159],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"applied":[6],"in":[7,74,87,181],"intrusion":[8,52],"detection":[9,53,115],"systems":[10,57],"(IDSs),":[11],"but":[12],"most":[13],"of":[14,54,71,79,85,121,131,154,183,191],"the":[15,65,69,75,77,83,88,91,95,104,114,119,129,150,162,189],"existing":[16],"models":[17],"are":[18,111,136],"designed":[19,137],"manually":[20],"and":[21,29,82,90,100,118,177,188],"it":[22],"is":[23],"difficult":[24],"to":[25,112,139],"obtain":[26],"a":[27,46,142],"lightweight":[28],"high-performance":[30],"model,":[31],"especially":[32],"for":[33,50,141],"multi-classification":[34,51],"IDS.":[35],"This":[36,61],"work":[37],"presents":[38],"an":[39,178],"automatic":[40,168],"deep":[41,169],"learning-based":[42],"IDS":[43,152],"method,":[44],"i.e.,":[45],"multi-objective":[47,132],"optimization-based":[48],"transformer":[49,122,144,192],"cyber-physical":[55],"power":[56],"(CPPS),":[58],"termed":[59],"MO-Transformer-IDS.":[60],"method":[62],"considers":[63],"both":[64],"architectures":[66],"such":[67,93],"as":[68,94,103],"number":[70,84,120,190],"attention":[72],"heads":[73],"Transformer-Encoder,":[76],"type":[78],"activation":[80],"function,":[81],"layers":[86],"Encoder,":[89],"hyperparameters":[92],"learning":[96,170],"rate,":[97],"batch":[98],"size,":[99],"dropout":[101],"rate":[102,117],"decision":[105],"variables.":[106],"The":[107,125,146],"two":[108],"optimization":[109],"objectives":[110],"minimize":[113],"error":[116],"model":[123,193],"parameters.":[124,194],"evolutionary":[126],"operations":[127],"under":[128],"framework":[130],"differential":[133],"evolution":[134],"(MODE)":[135],"elaborately":[138],"search":[140],"Pareto-optimal":[143],"model.":[145],"experimental":[147],"results":[148],"on":[149],"thirty-seven-classification":[151],"issue":[153],"Power":[155],"System":[156],"Attack":[157],"Datasets":[158],"demonstrated":[160],"that":[161],"proposed":[163],"MO-Transformer-IDS":[164],"outperforms":[165],"three":[166],"state-of-the-art":[167],"(ADL)":[171],"methods":[172],"including":[173],"SOPA-GA-CNN,":[174],"WOA-ANN,":[175],"GA-CNN,":[176],"advanced":[179],"LSTM":[180],"terms":[182],"Accuracy,":[184],"Precision,":[185],"Recall,":[186],"F1-Score,":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-05T09:50:58.205359","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}