{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408403129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","title":"Interventions to improve hand hygiene in community settings: A systematic review of theories, barriers and enablers, behavior change techniques, and hand hygiene station design features","display_name":"Interventions to improve hand hygiene in community settings: A systematic review of theories, barriers and enablers, behavior change techniques, and hand hygiene station design features","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408403129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076762751","display_name":"Sridevi K Prasad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-9534","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-9534"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sridevi K. Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-9534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080868349","display_name":"Jedidiah S. Snyder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7688-4450","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7688-4450"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jedidiah S. Snyder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7688-4450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116606880","display_name":"Erin LaFon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2711-2309","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2711-2309"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erin LaFon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2711-2309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103208685","display_name":"Lilly A O\u2019Brien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1987-3706","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1987-3706"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilly A. O\u2019Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1987-3706","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035028798","display_name":"Hannah Rogers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9515-1439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9515-1439"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109911","display_name":"Woodruff Health Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4tt59","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I4210109911"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Rogers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Woodruff Health Sciences Center Library, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9515-1439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Woodruff Health Sciences Center Library, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I4210109911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091634624","display_name":"Oliver Cumming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-8709","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-8709"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Cumming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-8709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068873888","display_name":"Joanna Esteves Mills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-1424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-1424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna Esteves Mills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-1424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bruce Gordon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105654","display_name":"World Health Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/01f80g185","country_code":"CH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Gordon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058534119","display_name":"Marlene K. Wolfe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6476-0450","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6476-0450"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marlene Wolfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6476-0450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035739059","display_name":"Matthew C. Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-2572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-2572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew C. Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-2572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063380044","display_name":"Bethany A. Caruso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-9857","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-9857"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bethany A. Caruso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-9857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063380044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.5023999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.5023999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.2223999947309494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.08290000259876251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hand-hygiene","display_name":"hand hygiene","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-settings","display_name":"community settings","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behaviour-change-techniques","display_name":"behaviour change techniques","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-and-facilitators","display_name":"barriers and facilitators","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-based-intervention","display_name":"theory-based intervention","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-knowledge","display_name":"action knowledge","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-environment","display_name":"physical environment","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-with-disabilities","display_name":"people with disabilities","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-control","display_name":"infection control","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-effectiveness","display_name":"intervention effectiveness","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-reporting-quality","display_name":"intervention reporting quality","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-of-bias-assessment","display_name":"risk of bias assessment","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-generalizability","display_name":"intervention generalizability","score":0.4869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.8713592290878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.7899681925773621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4181455075740814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41044333577156067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.38835611939430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3097917437553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0622234046459198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.11.25323730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9907000064849854,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22750180","https://openalex.org/W52053526","https://openalex.org/W1977637976","https://openalex.org/W1979519839","https://openalex.org/W1984714066","https://openalex.org/W1987684330","https://openalex.org/W2066161981","https://openalex.org/W2075558730","https://openalex.org/W2099697766","https://openalex.org/W2108420708","https://openalex.org/W2114528461","https://openalex.org/W2118589116","https://openalex.org/W2136608905","https://openalex.org/W2159478271","https://openalex.org/W2169434152","https://openalex.org/W2169459420","https://openalex.org/W2201573021","https://openalex.org/W2345472301","https://openalex.org/W2516480969","https://openalex.org/W2588538926","https://openalex.org/W2611206094","https://openalex.org/W2611234948","https://openalex.org/W2767111477","https://openalex.org/W2792531544","https://openalex.org/W2923663592","https://openalex.org/W3008090714","https://openalex.org/W3015905272","https://openalex.org/W3038062876","https://openalex.org/W3040739095","https://openalex.org/W3095909294","https://openalex.org/W3107979228","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3130197155","https://openalex.org/W3137110740","https://openalex.org/W3168695074","https://openalex.org/W3210894689","https://openalex.org/W3214515577","https://openalex.org/W4225545000","https://openalex.org/W4283163276","https://openalex.org/W4283761346","https://openalex.org/W4287377266","https://openalex.org/W4309468591","https://openalex.org/W4312065707","https://openalex.org/W4366350992","https://openalex.org/W4367172984","https://openalex.org/W4378839566","https://openalex.org/W4379467249","https://openalex.org/W4381547613","https://openalex.org/W4387948713","https://openalex.org/W4388706509","https://openalex.org/W4391589804","https://openalex.org/W4394706000","https://openalex.org/W4396779211","https://openalex.org/W4403969710","https://openalex.org/W4404813331","https://openalex.org/W4408397669","https://openalex.org/W4413346284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414229598","https://openalex.org/W4414304599","https://openalex.org/W4408397669","https://openalex.org/W4388706509","https://openalex.org/W3008090714","https://openalex.org/W3113190780","https://openalex.org/W7171981806","https://openalex.org/W4409318829","https://openalex.org/W4414304634","https://openalex.org/W3168695074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"This":[1,301,366],"systematic":[2,367],"review":[3,368,467],"identified":[4,184,448,475],"and":[5,10,16,28,75,86,90,116,143,264,286,290,313,316,351,353,382,385,388,392,402,437,480,490,505,522,531],"examined":[6,255,369],"the":[7,40,43,211,306,314,469],"theories,":[8],"barriers":[9,185,289,387,449,477],"enablers,":[11,451],"behaviour":[12,398],"change":[13,399],"techniques":[14,400],"(BCTs),":[15,401],"design":[17,251,381,406,529],"features":[18,407],"of":[19,42,56,146,162,227,261,288,296,429,497],"interventions":[20,189,344,372,414,438,443,493,499],"that":[21,98,517],"have":[22,345,408,421],"been":[23,346,409,422],"leveraged":[24,224],"effectively":[25],"to":[26,38,175,241,376,393,420,485,494,502,523],"improve":[27,294,486],"sustain":[29],"hand":[30,100,105,168,194,221,248,297,370,403,412,526],"hygiene":[31,101,106,249,298,333,360,371,404,413,527],"in":[32,49,110,119,124,257,273,348,415,431],"community":[33,121,349,374,416],"settings.":[34,122],"It":[35],"was":[36,198,303],"conducted":[37],"support":[39],"development":[41],"WHO":[44,70],"Guidelines":[45],"for":[46,79,220,471],"Hand":[47,332],"Hygiene":[48],"Community":[50],"Settings.":[51],"We":[52,232],"searched":[53],"PubMed,":[54],"Web":[55],"Science,":[57],"EMBASE,":[58],"CINAHL,":[59],"Global":[60,64],"Health,":[61],"Cochrane":[62],"Library,":[63],"Index":[65],"Medicus,":[66],"Scopus,":[67],"PAIS":[68],"Index,":[69],"IRIS,":[71],"UN":[72],"Digital":[73],"Library":[74],"World":[76,307],"Bank":[77],"eLibrary":[78],"studies":[80,94,154,246],"published":[81,109],"between":[82,474],"January":[83,113],"1,":[84,114],"1980,":[85,115],"March":[87],"29,":[88],"2023,":[89],"consulted":[91],"experts.":[92],"Eligible":[93],"had":[95],"an":[96],"intervention":[97,177,262,280,396,481,532],"targeted":[99],"behaviour,":[102],"quantitatively":[103],"measured":[104],"practice,":[107],"were":[108,117,133,164,390,418,500],"English":[111],"after":[112],"set":[118],"non-healthcare":[120],"Studies":[123],"healthcare":[125],"settings,":[126],"nursing":[127],"homes,":[128],"or":[129,186,204,259,450,462,534],"long-term":[130],"care":[131],"facilities":[132],"excluded.":[134],"Two":[135],"reviewers":[136],"independently":[137],"extracted":[138],"data":[139],"from":[140,465],"each":[141],"study":[142,364,457],"assessed":[144],"risk":[145],"bias":[147],"(Mixed":[148],"Method":[149],"Appraisal":[150],"Tool).":[151],"223":[152],"eligible":[153],"(including":[155],"247,398":[156],"participants)":[157],"met":[158],"inclusion":[159],"criteria,":[160],"82%":[161],"which":[163,197,508],"effective":[165,357],"at":[166,358],"improving":[167],"hygiene.":[169,222],"A":[170],"minority":[171],"(28%)":[172],"used":[173],"theory":[174,379],"inform":[176],"design.":[178],"Interventions":[179,206,223],"did":[180,207,233,444],"not":[181,199,208,234,426,445],"always":[182,446],"address":[183,210,447],"enablers.":[187],"Most":[188,411],"addressed":[190],"\u2018action":[191],"knowledge\u2019":[192],"(e.g.":[193],"washing":[195],"instruction),":[196],"a":[200,225,236],"widely":[201],"reported":[202,247],"barrier":[203],"enabler.":[205],"extensively":[209],"physical":[212],"environment":[213],"(e.g.,":[214],"resource":[215],"availability)":[216],"despite":[217],"its":[218],"importance":[219],"variety":[226],"BCT":[228],"combinations,":[229],"limiting":[230,453],"comparability.":[231],"conduct":[235],"meta-analysis":[237],"on":[238,267,329,492],"effectiveness":[239,295],"due":[240],"heterogeneity":[242],"across":[243,373],"studies.":[244],"Ten":[245],"station":[250,405,528],"adaptation":[252],"effectiveness,":[253,383,442],"six":[254],"variations":[256],"frequency":[258,533],"intensity":[260,535],"delivery,":[263],"four":[265],"focused":[266],"people":[268,519],"with":[269,520],"disabilities,":[270],"revealing":[271],"gaps":[272],"evidence.":[274],"Findings":[275],"are":[276,356,425],"limited":[277],"by":[278,305],"inconsistent":[279],"reporting":[281],"but":[282],"more":[283],"consistent":[284],"identification":[285],"leveraging":[287],"enablers":[291,389,479],"would":[292],"likely":[293],"interventions.":[299],"Funding":[300],"work":[302],"supported":[304],"Health":[308],"Organization":[309],"(PO":[310],"number:":[311],"203046633)":[312],"Foreign":[315],"Commonwealth":[317],"Development":[318],"Office":[319],"(FCDO).":[320],"PROSPERO":[321],"registration":[322],"number":[323],"CRD42023429145.":[324],"What":[325,362],"is":[326,340,515],"already":[327],"known":[328,341],"this":[330,363,456,466],"topic":[331],"can":[334,509],"prevent":[335],"infectious":[336],"diseases,":[337],"yet":[338],"little":[339],"about":[342],"what":[343,395,498],"delivered":[347],"settings":[350,375,417],"if":[352,378,386],"how":[354,384,487,525],"they":[355,488],"influencing":[359],"behaviours.":[361],"adds":[365],"assess":[377],"informed":[380],"leveraged,":[391],"understand":[394,524],"functions,":[397],"tested.":[410],"found":[419],"effective,":[423],"though":[424],"comparable":[427],"because":[428],"variability":[430],"setting,":[432],"focal":[433],"population,":[434],"outcome":[435],"tested,":[436],"strategy.":[439],"Despite":[440],"their":[441],"potentially":[452],"impact.":[454],"How":[455],"might":[458],"affect":[459],"research":[460,514],"practice":[461],"policy":[463],"Evidence":[464],"demonstrates":[468],"need":[470,484],"greater":[472],"alignment":[473],"behavioural":[476],"/":[478],"activities.":[482],"Researchers":[483],"describe":[489],"report":[491],"facilitate":[495,510],"understanding":[496],"trying":[501],"do,":[503],"how,":[504],"among":[506],"whom,":[507],"future":[511],"learning.":[512],"Further":[513],"needed":[516],"includes":[518],"disabilities":[521],"adaptions":[530],"influence":[536],"effectiveness.":[537]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-03-14T00:00:00"}
