{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408342168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","title":"Expectation management in humans and LLMs","display_name":"Expectation management in humans and LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408342168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-62526-y_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-62526-y_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005672938","display_name":"Benjamin Adam Menashe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-4955","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-4955"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Menashe","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","Bar-Ilan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar-Ilan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116592879","display_name":"Austin Drake","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Austin Drake","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","University of Jyvaskyla"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Jyvaskyla","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051088959","display_name":"Michal Ben\u2010Shachar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4609-8512","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4609-8512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michal Ben-Shachar","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","Bar-Ilan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar-Ilan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005672938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00213637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.4138000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.4138000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.392300009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.04650000110268593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation-management","display_name":"expectation management","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectancy-violation","display_name":"expectancy violation","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-computer-comparison","display_name":"human-computer comparison","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence-processing","display_name":"sentence processing","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mirativity","display_name":"mirativity","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"surprise","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-entropy","display_name":"response entropy","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence-completion","display_name":"sentence completion","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4167635142803192}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-62526-y_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.642185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.09.642185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.09.642185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c6925dbb49ab4df0bb4a85db604dc2e7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c6925dbb49ab4df0bb4a85db604dc2e7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 16, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:cb094aff-75d7-41c6-8750-2fb13330ec0c","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/qf9gs","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Project"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62526-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-62526-y_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321449","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408342168.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408342168.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521626219","https://openalex.org/W1682431627","https://openalex.org/W1799227866","https://openalex.org/W1969221307","https://openalex.org/W1979900603","https://openalex.org/W1985982445","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1996359725","https://openalex.org/W2000387713","https://openalex.org/W2025575849","https://openalex.org/W2029406689","https://openalex.org/W2031984189","https://openalex.org/W2032743424","https://openalex.org/W2067575282","https://openalex.org/W2078470255","https://openalex.org/W2096375888","https://openalex.org/W2096575147","https://openalex.org/W2103644122","https://openalex.org/W2108010971","https://openalex.org/W2119728020","https://openalex.org/W2129191002","https://openalex.org/W2141138276","https://openalex.org/W2149537128","https://openalex.org/W2153791616","https://openalex.org/W2179376720","https://openalex.org/W2264742718","https://openalex.org/W2407291067","https://openalex.org/W2578785875","https://openalex.org/W2611195161","https://openalex.org/W2616278914","https://openalex.org/W2616551000","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2735221042","https://openalex.org/W2736021085","https://openalex.org/W2800516701","https://openalex.org/W2924120895","https://openalex.org/W2948594169","https://openalex.org/W2974597461","https://openalex.org/W2980282514","https://openalex.org/W2981267941","https://openalex.org/W2997938465","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3033254023","https://openalex.org/W3095775866","https://openalex.org/W3210923133","https://openalex.org/W4220949944","https://openalex.org/W4244413289","https://openalex.org/W4251009746","https://openalex.org/W4281690148","https://openalex.org/W4282967944","https://openalex.org/W4289638300","https://openalex.org/W4300009529","https://openalex.org/W4322766928","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4362515116","https://openalex.org/W4389520747","https://openalex.org/W4398143508","https://openalex.org/W4399399064","https://openalex.org/W4401043020","https://openalex.org/W4401306886","https://openalex.org/W4402670561","https://openalex.org/W4403863303","https://openalex.org/W4404330874","https://openalex.org/W6893895083"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7216152692","https://openalex.org/W7166864369","https://openalex.org/W7154632201","https://openalex.org/W7162632971","https://openalex.org/W4411119343","https://openalex.org/W7166879197","https://openalex.org/W6963046225","https://openalex.org/W6925589257","https://openalex.org/W7166834838","https://openalex.org/W6977144816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Mirative":[1],"markers,":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,176],"\u201csurprisingly\u201d,":[5],"explicitly":[6],"encode":[7],"a":[8,34,46,70,98,122,135,147],"violation":[9],"of":[10,45,97,114],"expectations.":[11],"Such":[12],"markers":[13,24,57,175],"are":[14,132],"used":[15,69],"for":[16,90,178],"expectation":[17,40],"management":[18],"during":[19,183],"communication.":[20],"Sensitivity":[21],"to":[22,55,84,140],"mirative":[23,35,47,56,99,115,125,148,174],"relies":[25],"on":[26],"two":[27],"abilities:":[28],"i)":[29],"updating":[30],"expectations":[31,182],"upon":[32],"recognizing":[33],"marker,":[36],"and":[37,60,75,82,93,105,130,138,171],"ii)":[38],"identifying":[39],"violations":[41],"warranting":[42],"the":[43,95],"use":[44,173],"marker.":[48],"In":[49,65,117],"this":[50],"study,":[51],"we":[52,68,120],"compared":[53],"sensitivity":[54],"in":[58,109],"humans":[59,74,92,129,170],"large":[61],"language":[62],"models":[63],"(LLMs).":[64],"part":[66,118],"1,":[67],"sentence-completion":[71],"task,":[72,124],"where":[73,128],"LLMs":[76,131,159,172],"were":[77],"presented":[78,133],"with":[79,111,134],"sentence":[80,136,184],"fragments":[81],"asked":[83,139],"continue":[85],"them.":[86],"Results":[87,156],"show":[88,157],"that":[89,158,168],"both":[91,169],"LLMs,":[94],"presence":[96],"marker":[100,149,154],"significantly":[101],"increased":[102],"response":[103],"entropy":[104],"decreased":[106],"top-response":[107],"probability,":[108],"line":[110],"theoretical":[112],"accounts":[113],"processing.":[116,185],"2,":[119],"created":[121],"novel":[123],"polarity":[126],"selection,":[127],"pair":[137],"select":[141],"whether":[142],"it":[143],"was":[144],"connected":[145],"by":[146],"(\u201csurprisingly\u201d)":[150],"or":[151],"an":[152,162],"anti-mirative":[153],"(\u201cunsurprisingly\u201d).":[155],"perform":[160],"at":[161],"impressive":[163],"human-equivalent":[164],"level.":[165],"We":[166],"conclude":[167],"cues":[177],"calibrating":[179],"their":[180],"subsequent":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-03-12T00:00:00"}
