{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408317705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407","title":"Modelling the cool gas clumps in the circumgalactic medium","display_name":"Modelling the cool gas clumps in the circumgalactic medium","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408317705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/mnras/staf407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195663288","display_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8711","issn":["0035-8711","1365-2966","1365-8711"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103235961","display_name":"Hang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0103-1231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0103-1231"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802340896","display_name":"Purple Mountain Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/02eb4t121","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210023 ,","School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0103-1231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210023 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006427505","display_name":"Zhijie Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-646X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-646X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 ,","Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","Department of Astronomy\u00a0& Astrophysics, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637 ,","Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-646X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy\u00a0& Astrophysics, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073257394","display_name":"Joel N. Bregman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-9526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-9526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel N Bregman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110607310","display_name":"Li Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-0660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-0660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802340896","display_name":"Purple Mountain Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/02eb4t121","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy , CAS, Nanjing 210023 ,","Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210023 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy , CAS, Nanjing 210023 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210023 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006427505","https://openalex.org/A5103235961"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I2802340896","https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2310,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3046},"apc_paid":{"value":2310,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3046},"fwci":0.4532,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62026187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"538","issue":"3","first_page":"1871","last_page":"1883"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circumgalactic-medium","display_name":"circumgalactic medium","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-density-profile","display_name":"gas density profile","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-model","display_name":"beta model","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection-effects","display_name":"projection effects","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyman-alpha-absorption","display_name":"Lyman-alpha absorption","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mg-ii-absorption","display_name":"Mg II absorption","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalent-widths","display_name":"equivalent widths","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/velocity-dispersion","display_name":"velocity dispersion","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergalactic-medium","display_name":"intergalactic medium","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"probability density function","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virial-radius","display_name":"virial radius","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy-interactions","display_name":"galaxy interactions","score":0.36899998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tidal-stripping","display_name":"tidal stripping","score":0.36000001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9743814468383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.48445582389831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993745857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4169","display_name":"Intergalactic medium","level":4,"score":0.4829515814781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.4468265771865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.18935075402259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/mnras/staf407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195663288","display_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8711","issn":["0035-8711","1365-2966","1365-8711"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/mnras/staf407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195663288","display_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","issn_l":"0035-8711","issn":["0035-8711","1365-2966","1365-8711"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4454974789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12233005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338409","funder_display_name":"Northwest Fisheries Science Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338409","display_name":"Northwest Fisheries Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05r7z1k40"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546674337","https://openalex.org/W1565206730","https://openalex.org/W1688406301","https://openalex.org/W1985986334","https://openalex.org/W1986303447","https://openalex.org/W2010110581","https://openalex.org/W2014216186","https://openalex.org/W2054147686","https://openalex.org/W2063397409","https://openalex.org/W2068095952","https://openalex.org/W2068262275","https://openalex.org/W2069248365","https://openalex.org/W2069435856","https://openalex.org/W2099314289","https://openalex.org/W2108429052","https://openalex.org/W2114085446","https://openalex.org/W2118534222","https://openalex.org/W2120220598","https://openalex.org/W2148155488","https://openalex.org/W2148534890","https://openalex.org/W2166218487","https://openalex.org/W2275085390","https://openalex.org/W2341443320","https://openalex.org/W2521901792","https://openalex.org/W2561281082","https://openalex.org/W2597238720","https://openalex.org/W2766787265","https://openalex.org/W2773245398","https://openalex.org/W2785832652","https://openalex.org/W2788561779","https://openalex.org/W2794444143","https://openalex.org/W2810990770","https://openalex.org/W2890363482","https://openalex.org/W2912261852","https://openalex.org/W2920329483","https://openalex.org/W2921781611","https://openalex.org/W2949001442","https://openalex.org/W2971509004","https://openalex.org/W2973666282","https://openalex.org/W3003221860","https://openalex.org/W3003988923","https://openalex.org/W3007322907","https://openalex.org/W3037291232","https://openalex.org/W3048855208","https://openalex.org/W3091321448","https://openalex.org/W3098703286","https://openalex.org/W3109091717","https://openalex.org/W3127081719","https://openalex.org/W3166192767","https://openalex.org/W3205009298","https://openalex.org/W4224243596","https://openalex.org/W4297183616","https://openalex.org/W4361806044","https://openalex.org/W4378512762","https://openalex.org/W4381952295","https://openalex.org/W4385977780","https://openalex.org/W4386969786","https://openalex.org/W4387409028","https://openalex.org/W4387531478","https://openalex.org/W4389339028","https://openalex.org/W4391898954","https://openalex.org/W4394581175","https://openalex.org/W4395956144","https://openalex.org/W4399334667","https://openalex.org/W4402198230","https://openalex.org/W4403509577","https://openalex.org/W4403551373","https://openalex.org/W4403747437","https://openalex.org/W4404509091","https://openalex.org/W4405468183","https://openalex.org/W4407080684","https://openalex.org/W4408591946","https://openalex.org/W4409519587","https://openalex.org/W4413128793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885","https://openalex.org/W4321479465"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"A":[1],"major":[2,70],"challenge":[3],"in":[4,56,95,141],"circumgalactic":[5],"medium":[6],"(CGM)":[7],"studies":[8],"is":[9,60,161,191],"determining":[10],"the":[11,16,23,40,44,57,72,76,80,85,92,96,112,126,138,142,147,157,188,207,253,274,284],"three-dimensional":[12],"(3D)":[13],"properties":[14,87],"from":[15,277],"observed":[17,99],"projected":[18,133],"observations.":[19],"Here,":[20],"we":[21,204],"decompose":[22],"3D":[24],"gas":[25,46,78,101,143,152,159,169,261],"density":[26,82,102,149,153,160,170,209,227],"and":[27,49,91,137,179,187,217,240],"spatial":[28,250],"distribution":[29,251],"of":[30,75,83,107,125,151,171,182,201,210,228,243,252,263,289],"cool":[31,36,45,58,77,100,158,211,254,260,286],"clouds":[32,132,212],"by":[33,62,213],"fitting":[34],"a":[35,104,123,164,167,180,198,225,241,258],"CGM":[37,59,255,287],"model":[38,67],"with":[39,122,166],"absorption":[41,86],"observations,":[42],"including":[43],"density,":[47],"Ly$\\alpha$,":[48],"Mg":[50,218],"ii":[51,219],"equivalent":[52,220],"widths.":[53],"The":[54,98],"clumpiness":[55],"considered":[61],"modelling":[63,146],"individual":[64,89],"clouds.":[65],"This":[66,117,249],"has":[68],"four":[69],"components:":[71],"radial":[73],"profile":[74],"density;":[79],"number":[81,208,226],"clouds;":[84,90],"within":[88,111],"velocity":[93],"dispersion":[94,106,118,190],"CGM.":[97],"exhibits":[103],"large":[105],"$\\approx":[108],"2-3$":[109],"dex":[110],"virial":[113],"radius":[114],"($\\rm{r_{\\rm":[115],"vir}}$).":[116],"can":[119],"be":[120],"reproduced":[121],"combination":[124],"projection":[127],"effect":[128],"(i.e.":[129],"distant":[130],"low-density":[131],"at":[134,154,176,237],"small":[135],"radii)":[136],"intrinsic":[139,189],"variation":[140],"density.":[144],"By":[145],"probability":[148],"functions":[150],"different":[155],"radii,":[156],"modelled":[162],"as":[163],"$\\beta$-model":[165],"characteristic":[168],"$\\log":[172,229,264],"n_{\\rm":[173],"H,0}/{\\rm":[174],"cm^{-3}}=-2.57_{-0.25}^{+0.43}$":[175],"$\\rm{r_{\\rm":[177,238],"vir}}$":[178,239],"slope":[181,242],"$\\beta":[183,244],"_c":[184],"=":[185,235],"0.63_{-0.20}^{+0.16}$,":[186],"$\\sigma":[192],"_{n_\\mathrm{\\scriptscriptstyle":[193],"{H}}}\\approx":[194],"0.56_{-0.20}^{+0.19}$":[195],"dex.":[196],"Assuming":[197],"cloud":[199,275],"mass":[200,262,276,288],"$10^4~\\rm{{M}_{\\odot":[202],"}}$,":[203],"further":[205],"constrain":[206],"jointly":[214],"reproducing":[215],"Ly$\\alpha$":[216],"width":[221],"samples,":[222],"resulting":[223],"into":[224],"n^{}_{{\\scriptscriptstyle":[230],"\\mathcal":[231,246],"{N}}_\\mathrm{cl},0}/":[232],"\\rm{r_{\\rm":[233],"vir}}^{-3}":[234],"4.76^{+0.27}_{-0.21}$":[236],"^{}_{{\\scriptscriptstyle":[245],"{N}}_\\mathrm{cl}}=":[247],"0.65^{+0.06}_{-0.07}$.":[248],"leads":[256,282],"to":[257,279,283,291],"total":[259,285],"M_{\\rm":[265],"cool}/\\rm{{M}_{\\odot":[266],"}}=":[267],"10.01^{+0.06}_{-0.06}$":[268],"for":[269],"$L^{*}$":[270],"galaxies,":[271],"while":[272],"varying":[273],"$10^3$":[278],"$10^6~\\rm{{M}_{\\odot":[280],"}}$":[281],"$9.62_{-0.07}^{+0.05}$":[290],"$10.46_{-0.05}^{+0.05}$.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-03-12T00:00:00"}