{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408317359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.70031","title":"Structure\u2010Aware Transformer for Shadow Detection","display_name":"Structure\u2010Aware Transformer for Shadow Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408317359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.70031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/ipr2.70031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.70031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.70031","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/ipr2.70031","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83215360","display_name":"IET Image Processing","issn_l":"1751-9659","issn":["1751-9659","1751-9667"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/ipr2.70031","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101014715","display_name":"Wanlu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2626-1209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2626-1209"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wanlu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data Science City University of Macau Macau China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2626-1209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science City University of Macau Macau China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liyun Xiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709108","display_name":"Zhejiang Yuexiu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00scnsb87","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709108"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyun Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of International Business Zhejiang Yuexiu University Shaoxing China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of International Business Zhejiang Yuexiu University Shaoxing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709108"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061478750","display_name":"Wei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5949-1068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5949-1068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252743","display_name":"Huzhou College","ror":"https://ror.org/055jk5a41","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Manufacturing Huzhou College Huzhou China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5949-1068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing Huzhou College Huzhou China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101014715"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"],"apc_list":{"value":2740,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2740},"apc_paid":{"value":2740,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2740},"fwci":0.7187,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65344026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.6093999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.6093999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.3353999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow-detection","display_name":"shadow detection","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-shadows","display_name":"soft shadows","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receptive-field-expansion","display_name":"receptive field expansion","score":0.6819999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6297428011894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.557742714881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5401960611343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45042407512664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4305087924003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15197640657424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09370177984237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.09223675727844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1049/ipr2.70031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.70031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.70031","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/ipr2.70031","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83215360","display_name":"IET Image Processing","issn_l":"1751-9659","issn":["1751-9659","1751-9667"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1049/ipr2.70031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.70031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.70031","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/ipr2.70031","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83215360","display_name":"IET Image Processing","issn_l":"1751-9659","issn":["1751-9659","1751-9667"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-c","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311714","host_organization_name":"Institution of Engineering and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311714"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institution of Engineering and Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IET Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7873361138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFC1804704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408317359.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408317359.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541667274","https://openalex.org/W1816614560","https://openalex.org/W2004707373","https://openalex.org/W2027850463","https://openalex.org/W2073839959","https://openalex.org/W2078065374","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2147558395","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2519623608","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2605126331","https://openalex.org/W2777654136","https://openalex.org/W2801375052","https://openalex.org/W2808548587","https://openalex.org/W2884217841","https://openalex.org/W2884822772","https://openalex.org/W2895126795","https://openalex.org/W2948670693","https://openalex.org/W2956087126","https://openalex.org/W2963014378","https://openalex.org/W3034627419","https://openalex.org/W3035462037","https://openalex.org/W3048401767","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3120736405","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3204290641","https://openalex.org/W3205656514","https://openalex.org/W3216295476","https://openalex.org/W4283387075","https://openalex.org/W4289947804","https://openalex.org/W4304084084","https://openalex.org/W4306393227","https://openalex.org/W4313007769","https://openalex.org/W4317790276","https://openalex.org/W4319233950","https://openalex.org/W4382789604","https://openalex.org/W4386071535","https://openalex.org/W4387184842","https://openalex.org/W4387968016","https://openalex.org/W4390871690","https://openalex.org/W4390872293","https://openalex.org/W4390965328","https://openalex.org/W4402753634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Shadow":[1],"detection":[2,8,14,71],"helps":[3],"reduce":[4],"ambiguity":[5],"in":[6,172],"object":[7],"and":[9,21,30,113,155,190,203],"tracking.":[10],"However,":[11],"existing":[12],"shadow":[13,28,47,62,70,132,154,170],"methods":[15,196],"tend":[16],"to":[17,40,73,93,110,141,152,193],"misidentify":[18],"complex":[19,146],"shadows":[20],"their":[22],"similar":[23],"patterns,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"soft":[27],"regions":[29,157],"shadow\u2010like":[31],"regions,":[32],"since":[33],"they":[34],"treat":[35],"all":[36],"cases":[37],"equally,":[38],"leading":[39],"an":[41,105,129,137],"incomplete":[42],"structure":[43],"of":[44],"the":[45,91,95,143,150,182,198],"detected":[46],"regions.":[48],"To":[49,79],"alleviate":[50],"this":[51,80],"issue,":[52],"we":[53,65,103,126,135,166],"propose":[54],"a":[55,68,82,117,159],"structure\u2010aware":[56],"transformer":[57],"network":[58,72],"(STNet)":[59],"for":[60],"robust":[61],"detection.":[63],"Specifically,":[64],"first":[66],"develop":[67],"transformer\u2010based":[69],"learn":[74],"significant":[75],"contextual":[76],"information":[77],"interactions.":[78],"end,":[81],"context\u2010aware":[83],"enhancement":[84],"(CaE)":[85],"block":[86],"is":[87],"also":[88],"introduced":[89],"into":[90],"backbone":[92],"expand":[94],"receptive":[96],"field,":[97],"thus":[98],"enhancing":[99],"semantic":[100,160],"interaction.":[101],"Then,":[102],"design":[104],"edge\u2010guided":[106],"multi\u2010task":[107],"learning":[108,140],"framework":[109],"produce":[111],"intermediate":[112],"main":[114],"predictions":[115],"with":[116],"rich":[118],"structure.":[119],"By":[120,163],"fusing":[121],"these":[122],"two":[123],"complementary":[124],"predictions,":[125],"can":[127,167],"obtain":[128],"edge\u2010preserving":[130],"refined":[131],"map.":[133],"Finally,":[134],"introduce":[136],"auxiliary":[138],"semantic\u2010aware":[139],"overcome":[142],"interference":[144],"from":[145],"scenes,":[147],"which":[148],"facilitates":[149],"model":[151],"perceive":[153],"non\u2010shadow":[156],"using":[158],"affinity":[161],"loss.":[162],"doing":[164],"these,":[165],"predict":[168],"high\u2010quality":[169],"maps":[171],"different":[173],"scenarios.":[174],"Experimental":[175],"results":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"that":[178],"our":[179],"method":[180],"reduces":[181],"balance":[183],"error":[184],"rate":[185],"(BER)":[186],"by":[187],"4.53%,":[188],"2.54%,":[189],"3.49%":[191],"compared":[192],"state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art":[194],"(SOTA)":[195],"on":[197],"benchmark":[199],"datasets":[200],"SBU,":[201],"ISTD,":[202],"UCF,":[204],"respectively.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}