{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408213232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","title":"The Economic Impact of Internet Connectivity in Developing Countries","display_name":"The Economic Impact of Internet Connectivity in Developing Countries","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408213232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196715598","display_name":"Annual Review of Economics","issn_l":"1941-1383","issn":["1941-1383","1941-1391"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022127778","display_name":"Jonas Hjort","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9466-3925","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9466-3925"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140326","display_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jzmdh37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Hjort","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Department of Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; email:\u00a0j.hjort@ucl.ac.uk","2Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD), London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom","3Department of Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","5Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Economics, University College London, London, United Kingdom; email:\u00a0j.hjort@ucl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD), London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"5Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lin Tian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140326","display_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jzmdh37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152270","display_name":"INSEAD","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynf4333","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102272798","https://openalex.org/I4210152270"]}],"countries":["GB","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["4INSEAD, Singapore","5Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"4INSEAD, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152270"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"5Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0567,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"99","last_page":"124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9398999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9398999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.055799998342990875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-access","display_name":"internet access","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-development","display_name":"economic development","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-economy","display_name":"digital economy","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-diffusion","display_name":"technology diffusion","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-to-development","display_name":"barriers to development","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-impact-of-the-internet","display_name":"economic impact of the Internet","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.6639275550842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5517435669898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4382176399230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4273241460323334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333508","display_name":"Economic impact analysis","level":2,"score":0.41707855463027954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.32357752323150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29921597242355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.27946388721466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.16940626502037048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11683735251426697}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196715598","display_name":"Annual Review of Economics","issn_l":"1941-1383","issn":["1941-1383","1941-1391"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:129143","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/129143/1/annurev-economics-081224-102352.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400050","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081224-102352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196715598","display_name":"Annual Review of Economics","issn_l":"1941-1383","issn":["1941-1383","1941-1391"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W287944750","https://openalex.org/W652866076","https://openalex.org/W1497633372","https://openalex.org/W1508268119","https://openalex.org/W1560666437","https://openalex.org/W1562943303","https://openalex.org/W1579695008","https://openalex.org/W1602719044","https://openalex.org/W1894906622","https://openalex.org/W1959870581","https://openalex.org/W1964285328","https://openalex.org/W1982020224","https://openalex.org/W1990886477","https://openalex.org/W1991793782","https://openalex.org/W2006541041","https://openalex.org/W2006645334","https://openalex.org/W2017753324","https://openalex.org/W2017846380","https://openalex.org/W2032874557","https://openalex.org/W2036454956","https://openalex.org/W2073882940","https://openalex.org/W2094111477","https://openalex.org/W2100938902","https://openalex.org/W2102292466","https://openalex.org/W2106022734","https://openalex.org/W2117735259","https://openalex.org/W2119923159","https://openalex.org/W2129643610","https://openalex.org/W2139267814","https://openalex.org/W2161708711","https://openalex.org/W2512139481","https://openalex.org/W2553965843","https://openalex.org/W2581026212","https://openalex.org/W2611356021","https://openalex.org/W2612827275","https://openalex.org/W2735584017","https://openalex.org/W2770848686","https://openalex.org/W2789306471","https://openalex.org/W2799641134","https://openalex.org/W2962873168","https://openalex.org/W2970889537","https://openalex.org/W2971546957","https://openalex.org/W2986716789","https://openalex.org/W2999328472","https://openalex.org/W3013645944","https://openalex.org/W3024042854","https://openalex.org/W3036871479","https://openalex.org/W3038740914","https://openalex.org/W3048954225","https://openalex.org/W3107642365","https://openalex.org/W3121334877","https://openalex.org/W3122517818","https://openalex.org/W3122763283","https://openalex.org/W3122933183","https://openalex.org/W3122940632","https://openalex.org/W3123556234","https://openalex.org/W3123697077","https://openalex.org/W3123948795","https://openalex.org/W3123952981","https://openalex.org/W3124390653","https://openalex.org/W3124404337","https://openalex.org/W3125257362","https://openalex.org/W3125340572","https://openalex.org/W3135814050","https://openalex.org/W3137569807","https://openalex.org/W3147828967","https://openalex.org/W3151757575","https://openalex.org/W3152082496","https://openalex.org/W3165855014","https://openalex.org/W3184846046","https://openalex.org/W3190948128","https://openalex.org/W3198969232","https://openalex.org/W3212790138","https://openalex.org/W4206070976","https://openalex.org/W4206583296","https://openalex.org/W4212790985","https://openalex.org/W4220883946","https://openalex.org/W4246774231","https://openalex.org/W4252846263","https://openalex.org/W4306754515","https://openalex.org/W4309650747","https://openalex.org/W4313133210","https://openalex.org/W4319315882","https://openalex.org/W4321217249","https://openalex.org/W4323366278","https://openalex.org/W4378978845","https://openalex.org/W4380075684","https://openalex.org/W4380873141","https://openalex.org/W4385603423","https://openalex.org/W4385891719","https://openalex.org/W4386042086","https://openalex.org/W4386865289","https://openalex.org/W4387144520","https://openalex.org/W4388078896","https://openalex.org/W4389615269","https://openalex.org/W4391211865","https://openalex.org/W4397031735","https://openalex.org/W4402917711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2065457896","https://openalex.org/W3173234801","https://openalex.org/W2161470205","https://openalex.org/W2167984027","https://openalex.org/W3021302227","https://openalex.org/W10630519","https://openalex.org/W1919377569","https://openalex.org/W3144288563","https://openalex.org/W3123907821"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Firms,":[0],"workers,":[1],"and":[2,13,68,85],"consumers":[3],"in":[4,98],"developing":[5],"countries":[6],"are":[7,34],"increasingly":[8],"connected":[9],"to":[10,14,40,66],"each":[11],"other":[12],"the":[15,18,21,45,64,81,91],"rest":[16],"of":[17,57,87],"world":[19],"through":[20],"internet.":[22],"Can":[23],"this":[24,51],"connectivity":[25,71],"transform":[26],"poor":[27],"economies,":[28],"as":[29],"technology":[30],"optimists":[31],"hope,":[32],"or":[33],"there":[35],"more":[36],"deeply":[37],"rooted":[38],"barriers":[39],"economic":[41,73,96],"development?":[42],"Research":[43],"on":[44,63],"topic":[46],"is":[47],"growing":[48],"rapidly.":[49],"In":[50],"article":[52],"we":[53],"provide":[54],"an":[55],"overview":[56],"existing":[58],"evidence":[59],"from":[60],"153":[61],"studies":[62],"extent":[65],"which,":[67],"how,":[69],"internet":[70,88],"affects":[72],"development.":[74],"Not":[75],"surprisingly,":[76],"estimates":[77],"vary":[78],"widely":[79],"with":[80],"context,":[82],"particular":[83],"outcome,":[84],"form":[86],"studied.":[89],"Overall,":[90],"literature":[92],"points":[93],"toward":[94],"sizable":[95],"impacts":[97],"many\u2014though":[99],"not":[100],"all\u2014settings.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}