{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408102002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","title":"A comparative study of deep reinforcement learning for crop production management","display_name":"A comparative study of deep reinforcement learning for crop production management","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408102002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238883","display_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","issn_l":"2772-3755","issn":["2772-3755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114541091","display_name":"Joseph Balderas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2096-6222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2096-6222"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Balderas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2096-6222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319453","display_name":"Dong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0551-5084","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0551-5084"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99041443","display_name":"Mississippi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0432jq872","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0551-5084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006023502","display_name":"Yanbo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-8868","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-8868"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanbo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["USDA-ARS Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-8868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USDA-ARS Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Li Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011252539","display_name":"Ren\u2010Cang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-3398","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-3398"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-Cang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-3398","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006023502"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531"],"apc_list":{"value":1770,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1770},"apc_paid":{"value":1770,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1770},"fwci":3.5163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92140973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"100853","last_page":"100853"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-management","display_name":"crop management","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"deep reinforcement learning","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proximal-policy-optimization","display_name":"proximal policy optimization","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-q-network","display_name":"deep Q-network","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dssat-crop-model","display_name":"DSSAT crop model","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertilization","display_name":"fertilization","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation","display_name":"irrigation","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-policy-analysis","display_name":"comparative policy analysis","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.606445848941803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5721023678779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989409935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Crop production","level":3,"score":0.5142483115196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.5075427293777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.49974727630615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.423542320728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.3461748957633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3381471037864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3305705785751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31864625215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2573252320289612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21241292357444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.14830997586250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.13589638471603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07094612717628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238883","display_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","issn_l":"2772-3755","issn":["2772-3755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:755b975587ee42799dd01ac3326eb6ef","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/755b975587ee42799dd01ac3326eb6ef","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology, Vol 10, Iss , Pp 100853- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.100853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238883","display_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","issn_l":"2772-3755","issn":["2772-3755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.958299994468689,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2653019696","display_name":"Digital biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease with compact dual-mode brain sensing","funder_award_id":"1r21ag079309-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2764943942","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6066-21310-006-021-S","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332605","funder_display_name":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5060791336","display_name":"Self-supervised Probabilistic Graph Structure Learning for Task-agnostic Latent Representation","funder_award_id":"2407692","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8857618470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6064-21600-001-000-D","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332605","funder_display_name":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000037271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01AG075582","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311306","display_name":"University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332605","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W275900168","https://openalex.org/W1771410628","https://openalex.org/W2019615274","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2156737235","https://openalex.org/W2885770726","https://openalex.org/W3179373769","https://openalex.org/W4224621006","https://openalex.org/W4251887609","https://openalex.org/W4288050089","https://openalex.org/W4304731653","https://openalex.org/W4385767688","https://openalex.org/W4402904120","https://openalex.org/W4407396671","https://openalex.org/W6804601995","https://openalex.org/W7133210407"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2292679983","https://openalex.org/W578803495","https://openalex.org/W2020261354"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crop":[0],"production":[1],"management":[2,70,106,223,247],"is":[3],"essential":[4],"for":[5,66,88,133],"optimizing":[6],"yield":[7],"and":[8,25,55,92,111,140,166,179,200,214,234],"minimizing":[9],"a":[10,44,63,189],"field's":[11],"environmental":[12],"impact":[13],"to":[14,22,33,36,48,75],"crop":[15,69,96,105,118,123,134,246],"fields,":[16],"yet":[17,153],"it":[18],"remains":[19],"challenging":[20],"due":[21],"the":[23,83,90,121,128,184,201,221,232,240],"complex":[24],"stochastic":[26],"processes":[27],"involved.":[28],"Recently,":[29],"researchers":[30],"have":[31,99,144,151],"turned":[32],"machine":[34],"learning":[35,42],"address":[37],"these":[38,149],"complexities.":[39],"Specifically,":[40],"reinforcement":[41],"(RL),":[43],"cutting-edge":[45],"approach":[46],"designed":[47],"learn":[49],"optimal":[50],"decision-making":[51],"strategies":[52],"through":[53],"trial":[54],"error":[56],"in":[57,95,212,220],"dynamic":[58],"environments,":[59],"has":[60],"emerged":[61],"as":[62],"promising":[64,146],"tool":[65],"developing":[67],"adaptive":[68],"policies.":[71],"RL":[72,102,175],"models":[73],"aim":[74],"optimize":[76],"long-term":[77],"rewards":[78],"by":[79,183],"continuously":[80],"interacting":[81],"with":[82],"environment,":[84,125],"making":[85],"them":[86],"well-suited":[87],"tackling":[89],"uncertainties":[91],"variability":[93],"inherent":[94],"management.":[97],"Studies":[98],"shown":[100,145],"that":[101,108,208],"can":[103],"generate":[104],"policies":[107,115,171],"compete":[109],"with,":[110],"even":[112],"outperform,":[113],"expert-designed":[114],"within":[116],"simulation-based":[117],"models.":[119],"In":[120,160],"gym-DSSAT":[122,185],"model":[124],"one":[126],"of":[127,236,242],"most":[129],"widely":[130],"used":[131,193],"simulators":[132],"management,":[135,181],"proximal":[136],"policy":[137],"optimization":[138],"(PPO)":[139],"deep":[141],"Q-networks":[142],"(DQN)":[143],"results.":[147],"However,":[148],"methods":[150],"not":[152],"been":[154],"systematically":[155],"evaluated":[156,164],"under":[157],"identical":[158,197],"conditions.":[159],"this":[161],"study,":[162],"we":[163,192],"PPO":[165,209],"DQN":[167,211,218],"against":[168],"static":[169],"baseline":[170],"across":[172],"three":[173],"different":[174],"tasks,":[176,216],"fertilization,":[177],"irrigation,":[178],"mixed":[180,222],"provided":[182],"environment.":[186],"To":[187],"ensure":[188],"fair":[190],"comparison,":[191],"consistent":[194],"default":[195],"parameters,":[196],"reward":[198],"functions,":[199],"same":[202],"environment":[203],"settings.":[204],"Our":[205],"results":[206],"indicate":[207],"outperforms":[210],"fertilization":[213],"irrigation":[215],"while":[217],"excels":[219],"task.":[224],"This":[225],"comparative":[226],"analysis":[227],"provides":[228],"critical":[229],"insights":[230],"into":[231],"strengths":[233],"limitations":[235],"each":[237],"approach,":[238],"advancing":[239],"development":[241],"more":[243],"effective":[244],"RL-based":[245],"strategies.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
