{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407941244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459","title":"Can Enhanced Street Lighting Improve Public Safety at Scale? 1","display_name":"Can Enhanced Street Lighting Improve Public Safety at Scale? 1","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407941244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5150459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046506239","display_name":"John M. MacDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6714-8905","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6714-8905"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John M. Macdonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania - Department of Criminology","University of Pennsylvania - Department of Criminology, 483 McNeil Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania - Department of Criminology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania - Department of Criminology, 483 McNeil Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018542640","display_name":"Aaron J. Chalfin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4810-5146","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4810-5146"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Chalfin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania - Department of Criminology","University of Pennsylvania - Department of Criminology, 483 McNeil Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania - Department of Criminology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania - Department of Criminology, 483 McNeil Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116421512","display_name":"Maya Mortiz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maya Mortiz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014635862","display_name":"Brian A. Wade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3923","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3923"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Wade","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068461054","display_name":"Alyssa K. Mendlein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1946-5767","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1946-5767"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alyssa Mendlein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032952441","display_name":"Anthony A. Braga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-3734","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-3734"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Braga","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010104550","display_name":"Eugenia C. South","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-4207","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-4207"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugenia C. South","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine","University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046506239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13850","display_name":"Night-time city culture","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/street-lighting","display_name":"street lighting","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-safety","display_name":"public safety","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-reduction","display_name":"crime reduction","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gun-violence","display_name":"gun violence","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/led-streetlights","display_name":"LED streetlights","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-crime","display_name":"property crime","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violent-crime","display_name":"violent crime","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neighborhood-vitality","display_name":"neighborhood vitality","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-prevention","display_name":"crime prevention","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philadelphia","display_name":"Philadelphia","score":0.8679999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6032057404518127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.49075111746788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4761933386325836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.419619619846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3527381122112274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.3468095660209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3453298807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21901938319206238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19943389296531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1564527153968811}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5150459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5150459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5150459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.428600013256073}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5699999928474426}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92483945","https://openalex.org/W824535959","https://openalex.org/W1482751895","https://openalex.org/W1848180648","https://openalex.org/W1978422169","https://openalex.org/W1981005540","https://openalex.org/W1989043260","https://openalex.org/W1997064047","https://openalex.org/W1998907310","https://openalex.org/W1999052120","https://openalex.org/W2004821090","https://openalex.org/W2015899622","https://openalex.org/W2016014544","https://openalex.org/W2019107109","https://openalex.org/W2021204860","https://openalex.org/W2032351213","https://openalex.org/W2059367564","https://openalex.org/W2062337042","https://openalex.org/W2082107925","https://openalex.org/W2097230946","https://openalex.org/W2106381864","https://openalex.org/W2116800952","https://openalex.org/W2120568135","https://openalex.org/W2128174617","https://openalex.org/W2130162792","https://openalex.org/W2139236032","https://openalex.org/W2149529274","https://openalex.org/W2149577899","https://openalex.org/W2158246438","https://openalex.org/W2164183644","https://openalex.org/W2164751117","https://openalex.org/W2288739450","https://openalex.org/W2531072466","https://openalex.org/W2610936685","https://openalex.org/W2763165880","https://openalex.org/W2765774216","https://openalex.org/W2786022849","https://openalex.org/W2790123573","https://openalex.org/W2793852645","https://openalex.org/W2883169698","https://openalex.org/W2942803587","https://openalex.org/W2954822871","https://openalex.org/W2979586175","https://openalex.org/W3156528818","https://openalex.org/W3167699281","https://openalex.org/W3169021993","https://openalex.org/W3182901932","https://openalex.org/W4200119739","https://openalex.org/W4220777034","https://openalex.org/W4223544614","https://openalex.org/W4229574511","https://openalex.org/W4230525572","https://openalex.org/W4236085280","https://openalex.org/W4237737067","https://openalex.org/W4249855545","https://openalex.org/W4251101742","https://openalex.org/W4291950981","https://openalex.org/W4293761886","https://openalex.org/W4294838503","https://openalex.org/W4310701351","https://openalex.org/W4312194189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414431543","https://openalex.org/W7154530674","https://openalex.org/W7214578106","https://openalex.org/W7214175844","https://openalex.org/W7151944040","https://openalex.org/W2093013009","https://openalex.org/W3111320871","https://openalex.org/W4223544614","https://openalex.org/W3182901932","https://openalex.org/W643093628"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-02-26T00:00:00"}
