{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407929404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120","title":"The fact-checking dilemma: Fact-checking increases the reputation of the fact-checker but creates perceptions of ideological bias","display_name":"The fact-checking dilemma: Fact-checking increases the reputation of the fact-checker but creates perceptions of ideological bias","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407929404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20531680251323120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738497388","display_name":"Research & Politics","issn_l":"2053-1680","issn":["2053-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research & Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015084054","display_name":"Nat\u00e1lia Aruguete","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1571-9224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1571-9224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138504249","display_name":"National University of Quilmes","ror":"https://ror.org/01r53hz59","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138504249"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Aruguete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, UNQ, Argentina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, UNQ, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138504249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029292684","display_name":"Ernesto F. Calvo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-1391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-1391"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto Calvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-1391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037794042","display_name":"Tiago Ventura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2162-814X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2162-814X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago Ventura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgetown University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgetown University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029292684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":4.8579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94211085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13979","display_name":"Communication and COVID-19 Impact","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fact-checking","display_name":"fact-checking","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counter-attitudinal-information","display_name":"counter-attitudinal information","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-misinformation","display_name":"COVID-19 misinformation","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-polarization","display_name":"political polarization","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.7912957072257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.722648024559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.6997976303100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6305865049362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.47069716453552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917865","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","level":3,"score":0.44971761107444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4480047821998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.405534952878952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3845800757408142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37073272466659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3558957874774933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3492075800895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2944873571395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2792912721633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2506341338157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09376132488250732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/20531680251323120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738497388","display_name":"Research & Politics","issn_l":"2053-1680","issn":["2053-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research & Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dacec8000a034dc4b2ec7675b61bd77b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dacec8000a034dc4b2ec7675b61bd77b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research & Politics, Vol 12 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20531680251323120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20531680251323120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738497388","display_name":"Research & Politics","issn_l":"2053-1680","issn":["2053-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research & Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6207000017166138}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8009861461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1300600-01-PEC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307862","funder_display_name":"Inter-American Development Bank"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307862","display_name":"Inter-American Development Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/02gjn4306"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121992860","https://openalex.org/W2025605785","https://openalex.org/W2051792797","https://openalex.org/W2077866444","https://openalex.org/W2141375755","https://openalex.org/W2339153059","https://openalex.org/W2474563622","https://openalex.org/W2592103299","https://openalex.org/W2625555835","https://openalex.org/W2753117207","https://openalex.org/W2799779173","https://openalex.org/W2982071752","https://openalex.org/W3117318899","https://openalex.org/W3122113325","https://openalex.org/W3126124149","https://openalex.org/W3144117578","https://openalex.org/W3155411033","https://openalex.org/W3169326765","https://openalex.org/W3207894319","https://openalex.org/W4200292994","https://openalex.org/W4206594964","https://openalex.org/W4243058629","https://openalex.org/W4253755350","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4307927276","https://openalex.org/W4385298725","https://openalex.org/W4387453658"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313468517","https://openalex.org/W6925228175","https://openalex.org/W2183434549","https://openalex.org/W2939597217","https://openalex.org/W6981634580","https://openalex.org/W4413446747","https://openalex.org/W4408596896","https://openalex.org/W7169826480","https://openalex.org/W4380625581","https://openalex.org/W3163192803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examines":[2],"how":[3,122],"exposure":[4],"to":[5,44,86,116],"counter-":[6],"and":[7,16,22,78,112],"pro-attitudinal":[8,68],"fact-checking":[9,55,91,129],"messages":[10,69],"impacts":[11],"the":[12,28,48,62,71,75,82,94,103,107,119,125],"fact-checker\u2019s":[13],"perceived":[14,95,104],"quality":[15,72,96],"ideological":[17,126],"leaning.":[18],"In":[19],"a":[20,37],"well-powered":[21],"pre-registered":[23],"survey":[24],"experiment":[25],"conducted":[26],"during":[27],"2021":[29],"mid-term":[30],"election":[31],"in":[32],"Argentina,":[33],"when":[34],"COVID-19":[35,51],"was":[36],"polarizing":[38],"issue,":[39],"we":[40],"exposed":[41],"5757":[42],"respondents":[43,80],"real":[45],"tweets":[46],"reporting":[47],"number":[49],"of":[50,74,106,128],"cases,":[52],"followed":[53],"by":[54],"adjudications":[56],"that":[57,67],"appropriately":[58],"confirmed":[59],"or":[60],"refuted":[61],"original":[63],"publication.":[64],"Results":[65],"show":[66],"increased":[70],"rating":[73],"fact-checker,":[76],"Chequeado,":[77],"made":[79],"perceive":[81,124],"organization":[83],"ideologically":[84],"closer":[85],"their":[87],"views.":[88],"Counter-":[89],"attitudinal":[90],"also":[92],"increases":[93],"but":[97],"has":[98],"no":[99],"significant":[100],"effect":[101],"on":[102],"ideology":[105],"fact-checker.":[108],"Fact-checks":[109],"are":[110],"reputation-improving":[111],"do":[113],"not":[114],"seem":[115],"backfire.":[117],"However,":[118],"intervention":[120],"affects":[121],"voters":[123],"leaning":[127],"organizations.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-02-26T00:00:00"}