{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407908321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","title":"The Germline Targeting Vaccine Concept: Overview and Updates from HIV Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials","display_name":"The Germline Targeting Vaccine Concept: Overview and Updates from HIV Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407908321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39988778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203872900","display_name":"Current HIV Research","issn_l":"1570-162X","issn":["1570-162X","1873-4251"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current HIV Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002836913","display_name":"Leonidas Stamatatos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-7097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-7097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089486","display_name":"Fred Hutch Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/007ps6h72","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonidas Stamatatos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA","Department of Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1106-7097","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002836913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3203,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9642463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"380","last_page":"390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1-vaccine","display_name":"HIV-1 vaccine","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadly-neutralizing-antibodies","display_name":"broadly neutralizing antibodies","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-neutralizing-antibodies","display_name":"non-neutralizing antibodies","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envelope-glycoprotein","display_name":"envelope glycoprotein","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-cell-maturation","display_name":"B cell maturation","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-b-cells","display_name":"naive B cells","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preclinical-and-clinical-trials","display_name":"preclinical and clinical trials","score":0.5640000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109825262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139164","display_name":"Germline","level":3,"score":0.9072834253311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.7520813941955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6632763147354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780115692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747302","display_name":"Heterologous","level":3,"score":0.656699538230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.6497381329536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780195530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479804","display_name":"HIV vaccine","level":4,"score":0.6308945417404175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.5297067165374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909828532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479804","display_name":"AIDS Vaccines","level":4,"score":0.48150214552879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.431172251701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.315001517534256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.2809520661830902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.1776866614818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778190748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7907956","display_name":"Vaccine trial","level":3,"score":0.12103772163391113}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015483","descriptor_name":"HIV Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015483","descriptor_name":"HIV Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016915","descriptor_name":"AIDS Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016915","descriptor_name":"AIDS Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054299","descriptor_name":"env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054299","descriptor_name":"env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057134","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Neutralizing","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057134","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Neutralizing","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203872900","display_name":"Current HIV Research","issn_l":"1570-162X","issn":["1570-162X","1873-4251"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current HIV Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39988778","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39988778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current HIV research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13223421","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39988778/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Curr HIV Res","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162x358302250206074255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203872900","display_name":"Current HIV Research","issn_l":"1570-162X","issn":["1570-162X","1873-4251"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current HIV Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":122,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528520360","https://openalex.org/W1534852475","https://openalex.org/W1594804329","https://openalex.org/W1623081601","https://openalex.org/W1635348995","https://openalex.org/W1794879226","https://openalex.org/W1915453701","https://openalex.org/W1937669064","https://openalex.org/W1964828486","https://openalex.org/W1966842062","https://openalex.org/W1968375364","https://openalex.org/W1969305630","https://openalex.org/W1971233211","https://openalex.org/W1972341594","https://openalex.org/W1974273518","https://openalex.org/W1974431423","https://openalex.org/W1979058462","https://openalex.org/W1980811933","https://openalex.org/W1981315958","https://openalex.org/W1990745725","https://openalex.org/W1991888038","https://openalex.org/W1992566288","https://openalex.org/W2002828151","https://openalex.org/W2003264913","https://openalex.org/W2008908847","https://openalex.org/W2010959676","https://openalex.org/W2016364569","https://openalex.org/W2019405644","https://openalex.org/W2020596573","https://openalex.org/W2020857934","https://openalex.org/W2023273943","https://openalex.org/W2024287923","https://openalex.org/W2033611972","https://openalex.org/W2042411936","https://openalex.org/W2046563994","https://openalex.org/W2051364248","https://openalex.org/W2052937459","https://openalex.org/W2056710036","https://openalex.org/W2057961805","https://openalex.org/W2065329551","https://openalex.org/W2070086938","https://openalex.org/W2073383703","https://openalex.org/W2077977162","https://openalex.org/W2084310667","https://openalex.org/W2090763940","https://openalex.org/W2093442592","https://openalex.org/W2093961711","https://openalex.org/W2103712192","https://openalex.org/W2110287237","https://openalex.org/W2112310185","https://openalex.org/W2113822425","https://openalex.org/W2118274231","https://openalex.org/W2118820599","https://openalex.org/W2121096721","https://openalex.org/W2122210861","https://openalex.org/W2125878189","https://openalex.org/W2127682720","https://openalex.org/W2128055354","https://openalex.org/W2128579789","https://openalex.org/W2134803208","https://openalex.org/W2135151522","https://openalex.org/W2137603774","https://openalex.org/W2138922145","https://openalex.org/W2141444589","https://openalex.org/W2146704167","https://openalex.org/W2152314372","https://openalex.org/W2152440860","https://openalex.org/W2157820405","https://openalex.org/W2163558461","https://openalex.org/W2168949591","https://openalex.org/W2171478268","https://openalex.org/W2172063653","https://openalex.org/W2172848756","https://openalex.org/W2177434887","https://openalex.org/W2234996734","https://openalex.org/W2302583067","https://openalex.org/W2308602445","https://openalex.org/W2320044375","https://openalex.org/W2330954981","https://openalex.org/W2343191045","https://openalex.org/W2347047438","https://openalex.org/W2380132702","https://openalex.org/W2381153372","https://openalex.org/W2508401215","https://openalex.org/W2514181687","https://openalex.org/W2514256437","https://openalex.org/W2515557558","https://openalex.org/W2521026695","https://openalex.org/W2548185348","https://openalex.org/W2551273870","https://openalex.org/W2597018254","https://openalex.org/W2751727630","https://openalex.org/W2754021327","https://openalex.org/W2780290167","https://openalex.org/W2794768685","https://openalex.org/W2795740139","https://openalex.org/W2801119994","https://openalex.org/W2811359070","https://openalex.org/W2886980199","https://openalex.org/W2897595682","https://openalex.org/W2899705789","https://openalex.org/W2905369474","https://openalex.org/W2971711545","https://openalex.org/W2993996493","https://openalex.org/W3080829022","https://openalex.org/W3082685454","https://openalex.org/W3093233531","https://openalex.org/W3118878231","https://openalex.org/W3138945586","https://openalex.org/W4235232179","https://openalex.org/W4246504300","https://openalex.org/W4289654196","https://openalex.org/W4290852328","https://openalex.org/W4290975583","https://openalex.org/W4308151553","https://openalex.org/W4310707361","https://openalex.org/W4313251644","https://openalex.org/W4364376355","https://openalex.org/W4386757258","https://openalex.org/W4388625763","https://openalex.org/W4396977890","https://openalex.org/W4396985848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970192083","https://openalex.org/W2084565873","https://openalex.org/W2312275443","https://openalex.org/W2050317773","https://openalex.org/W2000886957","https://openalex.org/W3036790611","https://openalex.org/W4292218470","https://openalex.org/W2069046591","https://openalex.org/W4387043892","https://openalex.org/W2403958423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"effective":[1],"HIV-1":[2,30,41,51],"vaccine":[3],"should":[4],"elicit":[5,110],"diverse":[6,29,131],"immune":[7],"responses,":[8],"including":[9],"broadly":[10,155,200],"neutralizing":[11,156,201],"antibodies":[12,15,91],"(bNAbs).":[13],"Such":[14],"recognize":[16],"regions":[17],"of":[18,90,130,174,195],"the":[19,28,87,116,127,138,172,183,193],"viral":[20,47],"envelope":[21],"glycoprotein":[22],"(Env)":[23],"that":[24,188],"are":[25,35,146,167],"conserved":[26],"among":[27],"clades":[31],"and":[32,49,182],"strains.":[33],"They":[34],"isolated":[36],"from":[37,45],"people":[38],"living":[39],"with":[40,92,161],"to":[42,125,148,190],"protect":[43],"animals":[44],"experimental":[46],"exposure":[48],"reduce":[50],"acquisition":[52],"in":[53,103,143,179],"clinical":[54],"settings.":[55],"However,":[56],"despite":[57],"efforts":[58],"spanning":[59],"several":[60],"decades,":[61],"bNAbs":[62],"have":[63,121],"not":[64,76,113,163],"been":[65,122],"elicited":[66],"through":[67],"immunization.":[68],"The":[69],"HIV":[70],"Env":[71,84,135,176],"efficiently":[72],"binds":[73],"bNAbs,":[74],"but":[75,112,145],"their":[77,150,154,178,199],"unmutated":[78],"(germline,":[79],"gl)":[80],"precursors.":[81],"In":[82,115],"contrast,":[83],"readily":[85],"engages":[86],"germline":[88,128],"precursors":[89,129],"no,":[93],"or":[94],"very":[95],"narrow,":[96],"cross-neutralizing":[97],"activities":[98],"(non-neutralizing":[99],"antibodies,":[100],"nnAbs).":[101],"That,":[102],"part,":[104],"explains":[105],"why":[106],"Env-based":[107],"immunogens":[108,136],"consistently":[109],"nnAbs,":[111],"bNAbs.":[114,132],"past":[117],"decade,":[118],"Env-derived":[119],"proteins":[120],"specifically":[123],"designed":[124],"engage":[126],"These":[133],"'germline-targeting'":[134],"activate":[137],"corresponding":[139],"naive":[140],"B":[141],"cells":[142],"vivo,":[144],"unable":[147],"guide":[149,192],"proper":[151],"maturation":[152,194],"towards":[153],"forms.":[157,202],"For":[158],"this,":[159],"immunizations":[160],"currently":[162,185],"well-defined":[164],"heterologous":[165],"Envs":[166],"required.":[168],"Here,":[169],"we":[170],"discuss":[171],"development":[173],"germline-targeting":[175],"immunogens,":[177],"vivo":[180],"evaluation,":[181],"strategies":[184],"under":[186],"evaluation":[187],"aim":[189],"rapidly":[191],"germline-precursor":[196],"BCRs":[197],"into":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}