{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407823738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2025.745","title":"Overview, Infrastructural Challenges, Barriers to Access, and Progress for Rwanda\u2019s Healthcare System: a review","display_name":"Overview, Infrastructural Challenges, Barriers to Access, and Progress for Rwanda\u2019s Healthcare System: a review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407823738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2025.745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.15342/ijms.2025.745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2025.745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2025.745","pdf_url":"https://mbmjpress.com/index.php/ijms/article/download/745/794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226258","display_name":"Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"2658-8218","issn":["2658-8218"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311002","host_organization_name":"Mediterranean BioMedical Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mediterranean BioMedical Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://mbmjpress.com/index.php/ijms/article/download/745/794","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015605411","display_name":"Rajesh Balkrishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-9257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-9257"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Balkrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111399248","display_name":"Owen Selden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0711-2759","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0711-2759"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Owen Selden","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047308468","display_name":"Emmanuel Kamanzi Rusingiza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-7645","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-7645"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Rusingiza","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8284,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8356776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.8070999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.8070999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14186","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Practices","score":0.17069999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.018300000578165054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-infrastructure","display_name":"health infrastructure","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-to-care","display_name":"barriers to care","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-health-workers","display_name":"community health workers","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-insurance","display_name":"public health insurance","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-private-partnerships","display_name":"public-private partnerships","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-resources-for-health","display_name":"human resources for health","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-divide","display_name":"urban-rural divide","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-workforce-shortage","display_name":"health workforce shortage","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-system-capacity-building","display_name":"health system capacity building","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6025550365447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.5780669450759888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3217729330062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2723727524280548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.19257760047912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0862894058227539}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.15342/ijms.2025.745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2025.745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2025.745","pdf_url":"https://mbmjpress.com/index.php/ijms/article/download/745/794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226258","display_name":"Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"2658-8218","issn":["2658-8218"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311002","host_organization_name":"Mediterranean BioMedical Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mediterranean BioMedical Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.173.212.231.62:article/745","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mbmj.org/index.php/ijms/article/view/745","pdf_url":"https://mbmj.org/index.php/ijms/article/download/745/794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226258","display_name":"Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"2658-8218","issn":["2658-8218"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311002","host_organization_name":"Mediterranean BioMedical Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mediterranean BioMedical Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2658-8218","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.15342/ijms.2025.745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2025.745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2025.745","pdf_url":"https://mbmjpress.com/index.php/ijms/article/download/745/794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226258","display_name":"Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences","issn_l":"2658-8218","issn":["2658-8218"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311002","host_organization_name":"Mediterranean BioMedical Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mediterranean BioMedical Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5217000246047974,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407823738.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407823738.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W389977658","https://openalex.org/W1789328099","https://openalex.org/W1820342512","https://openalex.org/W1931587143","https://openalex.org/W1982569721","https://openalex.org/W2009496528","https://openalex.org/W2015128339","https://openalex.org/W2016748709","https://openalex.org/W2032707743","https://openalex.org/W2043306970","https://openalex.org/W2092054331","https://openalex.org/W2114923021","https://openalex.org/W2122667924","https://openalex.org/W2124277046","https://openalex.org/W2131833538","https://openalex.org/W2148496873","https://openalex.org/W2280267292","https://openalex.org/W2741458641","https://openalex.org/W2776526568","https://openalex.org/W2783181666","https://openalex.org/W2795590958","https://openalex.org/W2807268992","https://openalex.org/W2809485058","https://openalex.org/W2960338842","https://openalex.org/W2972605180","https://openalex.org/W3005718817","https://openalex.org/W3047362025","https://openalex.org/W3065676702","https://openalex.org/W3087566629","https://openalex.org/W3122559353","https://openalex.org/W3133053336","https://openalex.org/W3137636998","https://openalex.org/W3154679898","https://openalex.org/W3209094261","https://openalex.org/W3210570602","https://openalex.org/W4200462486","https://openalex.org/W4225260188","https://openalex.org/W4225480312","https://openalex.org/W4281808898","https://openalex.org/W4282825018","https://openalex.org/W4295925321","https://openalex.org/W4306790216","https://openalex.org/W4309526449","https://openalex.org/W4311590128","https://openalex.org/W4361264178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7155101967","https://openalex.org/W4242855419","https://openalex.org/W389977658","https://openalex.org/W2738882145","https://openalex.org/W2124197677","https://openalex.org/W4413916736","https://openalex.org/W4361264178","https://openalex.org/W193184322","https://openalex.org/W2065503552","https://openalex.org/W4415208062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,80,99],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,10,16,50,82,148,150,164],"this":[3],"review":[4],"is":[5],"to":[6,22,61,122],"provide":[7],"an":[8,14],"overview":[9],"Rwanda\u2019s":[11,44,83,158],"healthcare":[12,36,45,67,84,125],"system,":[13,126],"understanding":[15],"the":[17,40,57,63,66,127,146,151],"infrastructural":[18],"challenges":[19,134],"and":[20,27,47,93,111,133,166],"barriers":[21],"accessing":[23],"care":[24],"for":[25,74,77,117,168],"Rwandans,":[26],"areas":[28],"where":[29],"Rwanda":[30,120],"has":[31,69],"made":[32],"progress":[33,64,159],"in":[34,145,155],"its":[35,124],"system.":[37,98],"We":[38,52,71],"examined":[39],"literature":[41],"published":[42],"on":[43,105],"system":[46,68,85,102,136],"social":[48],"determinants":[49],"health.":[51],"analyzed":[53],"government":[54,91],"data":[55],"over":[56],"past":[58],"fifteen":[59],"years":[60],"understand":[62],"that":[65],"made.":[70],"developed":[72],"criteria":[73],"selecting":[75],"articles":[76],"our":[78],"review.":[79],"rebuilding":[81],"was":[86,103],"done":[87],"through":[88],"community-based":[89,108],"healthcare,":[90],"insurance,":[92],"a":[94,162],"robust":[95],"public":[96,100],"health":[97,101,109],"built":[104],"private-public":[106],"partnerships,":[107,113],"workers,":[110],"international":[112],"like":[114],"Human":[115],"Resources":[116],"Health.":[118],"While":[119],"continues":[121],"improve":[123],"urban-rural":[128],"divide,":[129],"human":[130],"resource":[131],"constraints,":[132],"with":[135],"infrastructure":[137],"are":[138],"consistent":[139],"issues":[140],"which":[141],"plague":[142],"it.":[143],"Altogether":[144],"aftermath":[147],"one":[149],"most":[152],"horrific":[153],"genocides":[154],"recorded":[156],"history,":[157],"serves":[160],"as":[161],"beacon":[163],"hope":[165],"model":[167],"capacity-building.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-21T09:56:26.102985","created_date":"2025-02-22T00:00:00"}
