{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407750107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020271","title":"Brain Glucose Hypometabolism and Brain Iron Accumulation as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other CNS Disorders","display_name":"Brain Glucose Hypometabolism and Brain Iron Accumulation as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other CNS Disorders","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407750107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020271","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40006083","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11859321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph18020271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020271","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/2/271/pdf?version=1739956083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/2/271/pdf?version=1739956083","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057253394","display_name":"Indira Y. Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9505-9264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9505-9264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52792670","display_name":"HealthPartners","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9ada67","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Indira Y. Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, Saint Paul, MN 55130, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9505-9264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, Saint Paul, MN 55130, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021352245","display_name":"Leah R. Hanson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-7949","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-7949"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52792670","display_name":"HealthPartners","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9ada67","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leah R. Hanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, Saint Paul, MN 55130, USA","HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, Saint Paul, MN 55130, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046805860","display_name":"William H. Frey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6373-0794","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6373-0794"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52792670","display_name":"HealthPartners","ror":"https://ror.org/03s9ada67","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William H. Frey II","raw_affiliation_strings":["HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, Saint Paul, MN 55130, USA","HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6373-0794","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, Saint Paul, MN 55130, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046805860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52792670"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.4619,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45497282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"271","last_page":"271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10086","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease research and treatments","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10086","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease research and treatments","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14144","display_name":"Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-glucose-hypometabolism","display_name":"brain glucose hypometabolism","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-iron-accumulation","display_name":"brain iron accumulation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intranasal-insulin","display_name":"intranasal insulin","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-target","display_name":"therapeutic target","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers","display_name":"biomarkers","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-nervous-system-diseases","display_name":"central nervous system disorders","score":0.6359999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5971323847770691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5908723473548889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991673738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062122","display_name":"Brain disease","level":3,"score":0.46660491824150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502032728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","level":3,"score":0.4457840025424957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.414481520652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.26774460077285767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16680139303207397}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph18020271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020271","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/2/271/pdf?version=1739956083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11859321","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11859321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:40006083","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40006083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c69178f42654bc18f0af5131160c051","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c69178f42654bc18f0af5131160c051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 271 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ph18020271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020271","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/2/271/pdf?version=1739956083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16322639","display_name":"Pharmaceuticals","issn_l":"1424-8247","issn":["1424-8247"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceuticals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407750107.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407750107.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963945544","https://openalex.org/W1964271667","https://openalex.org/W1970163594","https://openalex.org/W1970715454","https://openalex.org/W1970779072","https://openalex.org/W1997183854","https://openalex.org/W1998111067","https://openalex.org/W2012047101","https://openalex.org/W2022309233","https://openalex.org/W2029848555","https://openalex.org/W2037497795","https://openalex.org/W2040545684","https://openalex.org/W2041659756","https://openalex.org/W2050030843","https://openalex.org/W2050167321","https://openalex.org/W2054113864","https://openalex.org/W2056789677","https://openalex.org/W2062851065","https://openalex.org/W2083337622","https://openalex.org/W2086190854","https://openalex.org/W2101967150","https://openalex.org/W2107405263","https://openalex.org/W2123541107","https://openalex.org/W2127960694","https://openalex.org/W2136176074","https://openalex.org/W2153284686","https://openalex.org/W2163039378","https://openalex.org/W2166722689","https://openalex.org/W2168921195","https://openalex.org/W2170385041","https://openalex.org/W2180254918","https://openalex.org/W2279044775","https://openalex.org/W2325281074","https://openalex.org/W2353776455","https://openalex.org/W2402787494","https://openalex.org/W2427573956","https://openalex.org/W2432412399","https://openalex.org/W2460675896","https://openalex.org/W2471444389","https://openalex.org/W2567971507","https://openalex.org/W2576284409","https://openalex.org/W2620746713","https://openalex.org/W2736398109","https://openalex.org/W2749079329","https://openalex.org/W2765406496","https://openalex.org/W2766067531","https://openalex.org/W2792857395","https://openalex.org/W2897661292","https://openalex.org/W2902055484","https://openalex.org/W2904457678","https://openalex.org/W2904725858","https://openalex.org/W2918775529","https://openalex.org/W2924947794","https://openalex.org/W2940884097","https://openalex.org/W2953514170","https://openalex.org/W2964483356","https://openalex.org/W2970271738","https://openalex.org/W2975758148","https://openalex.org/W2976197289","https://openalex.org/W3001604987","https://openalex.org/W3048538467","https://openalex.org/W3088400563","https://openalex.org/W3111358275","https://openalex.org/W3112948680","https://openalex.org/W3118679892","https://openalex.org/W3122437113","https://openalex.org/W3125276612","https://openalex.org/W3127974202","https://openalex.org/W3130840242","https://openalex.org/W3131119553","https://openalex.org/W3142083245","https://openalex.org/W3149522138","https://openalex.org/W3166404192","https://openalex.org/W3199463220","https://openalex.org/W4212876442","https://openalex.org/W4220959211","https://openalex.org/W4221035641","https://openalex.org/W4223644491","https://openalex.org/W4224241279","https://openalex.org/W4225009808","https://openalex.org/W4225280383","https://openalex.org/W4280505000","https://openalex.org/W4283727336","https://openalex.org/W4294162864","https://openalex.org/W4313279524","https://openalex.org/W4378781776","https://openalex.org/W4384069876","https://openalex.org/W4392747154","https://openalex.org/W4394855058","https://openalex.org/W4396560090","https://openalex.org/W4400188148","https://openalex.org/W4403435589","https://openalex.org/W6718835622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096718780","https://openalex.org/W2769468932","https://openalex.org/W4225280383","https://openalex.org/W4229374443","https://openalex.org/W3010847857","https://openalex.org/W2798036616","https://openalex.org/W2603148532","https://openalex.org/W7126289967","https://openalex.org/W1811135155","https://openalex.org/W1990293508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"common":[1],"mechanisms":[2],"contributing":[3],"to":[4],"multiple":[5,77],"neurological":[6],"disorders,":[7,36],"including":[8],"Alzheimer's":[9,53],"disease,":[10],"are":[11,25,109],"brain":[12,17,87],"glucose":[13],"hypometabolism":[14],"(BGHM)":[15],"and":[16,23,43,50,74,85,90,97,107,115],"iron":[18],"accumulation":[19],"(BIA).":[20],"Currently,":[21],"BGHM":[22,49,73,106],"BIA":[24,51,75,108],"both":[26],"widely":[27],"acknowledged":[28],"as":[29],"biomarkers":[30],"that":[31],"aid":[32],"in":[33,52,58,76],"diagnosing":[34],"CNS":[35,78,117],"distinguishing":[37],"between":[38],"disorders":[39],"with":[40],"similar":[41],"symptoms,":[42],"tracking":[44],"disease":[45,54],"progression.":[46],"Therapeutics":[47],"targeting":[48,72,102],"can":[55],"be":[56],"beneficial":[57],"treating":[59],"neurocognitive":[60],"symptoms.":[61],"This":[62],"review":[63],"addresses":[64],"the":[65,68],"evidence":[66],"for":[67,113],"therapeutic":[69,111],"potential":[70],"of":[71],"disorders.":[79,118],"Intranasal":[80],"insulin,":[81],"which":[82,93],"is":[83],"anti-inflammatory":[84],"increases":[86],"cell":[88],"energy,":[89],"intranasal":[91],"deferoxamine,":[92],"reduces":[94],"oxidative":[95],"damage":[96],"inflammation,":[98],"represent":[99],"promising":[100,110],"treatments":[101],"these":[103],"mechanisms.":[104],"Both":[105],"targets":[112],"AD":[114],"other":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-02-20T00:00:00"}