{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407568898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3047426","title":"An intrinsically explainable approach to detecting vertebral compression fractures in CT scans via neurosymbolic modeling","display_name":"An intrinsically explainable approach to detecting vertebral compression fractures in CT scans via neurosymbolic modeling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407568898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3047426","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41445919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.3047426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3047426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3047426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607561","display_name":"SPIE Medical Imaging: Image Processing","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2025: Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.17258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115405325","display_name":"Blanca \u00cd\u00f1igo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5170-0794","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5170-0794"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blanca Inigo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072622467","display_name":"Yiqing Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7866-3339","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7866-3339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqing Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000598962","display_name":"Benjamin D. Killeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2511-7929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2511-7929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Killeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Michelle Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008331040","display_name":"Axel Krieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-075X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-075X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel Krieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082442879","display_name":"Christopher Bradley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2249-8614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2249-8614"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Bradley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interventional Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087095414","display_name":"Mathias Unberath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-9950","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-9950"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Unberath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5974,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93223062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13406","issue":null,"first_page":"101","last_page":"101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10776","display_name":"Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebral-compression-fractures","display_name":"vertebral compression fractures","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"computed tomography","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebral-segmentation","display_name":"vertebral segmentation","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-detection","display_name":"rule-based detection","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteoporosis-screening","display_name":"osteoporosis screening","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-interpretability","display_name":"model interpretability","score":0.8040000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2289642","display_name":"Vertebral compression fracture","level":3,"score":0.6481056213378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5098478198051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5036484599113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.44653525948524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30543023347854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.19277077913284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.06362339854240417}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.3047426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3047426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3047426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607561","display_name":"SPIE Medical Imaging: Image Processing","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Imaging 2025: Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:41445919","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41445919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2412.17258","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2412.17258","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.17258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12726964","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12726964/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.17258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.17258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.17258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2412.17258","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2412.17258","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.17258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G47697963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 EB036341","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26185552","https://openalex.org/W1965427917","https://openalex.org/W1967164400","https://openalex.org/W1985446470","https://openalex.org/W1988816018","https://openalex.org/W2009637031","https://openalex.org/W2038942517","https://openalex.org/W2048231652","https://openalex.org/W2131801255","https://openalex.org/W2229412420","https://openalex.org/W2506474691","https://openalex.org/W2592719727","https://openalex.org/W2596649969","https://openalex.org/W3009961050","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3046053509","https://openalex.org/W3112346810","https://openalex.org/W3193660283","https://openalex.org/W4220734906","https://openalex.org/W4285552468","https://openalex.org/W4306790271","https://openalex.org/W4308122692","https://openalex.org/W4308891560","https://openalex.org/W4309988176","https://openalex.org/W4328099899","https://openalex.org/W4368347663","https://openalex.org/W4377565431","https://openalex.org/W4383218413","https://openalex.org/W4388489975","https://openalex.org/W4393201610","https://openalex.org/W4394680660","https://openalex.org/W4400877966","https://openalex.org/W4403749306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2182101718","https://openalex.org/W1997445737","https://openalex.org/W2291795816","https://openalex.org/W2395822617","https://openalex.org/W2611802601","https://openalex.org/W2892248074","https://openalex.org/W1985690632","https://openalex.org/W2045753233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vertebral":[0],"compression":[1],"fractures":[2],"(VCFs)":[3],"are":[4,62,73],"a":[5,34,51,90,110,129,153,162,206],"common":[6],"and":[7,65,152,172,224],"potentially":[8],"serious":[9],"consequence":[10],"of":[11,24,57,128,140,150,155,170,174,194],"osteoporosis.":[12],"Yet,":[13],"they":[14,72],"often":[15],"remain":[16],"undiagnosed.":[17],"Opportunistic":[18],"screening,":[19],"which":[20],"involves":[21],"automated":[22],"analysis":[23],"medical":[25,46],"imaging":[26],"data":[27,79],"acquired":[28],"primarily":[29],"for":[30,54,93,106,125],"other":[31],"purposes,":[32],"is":[33,50],"cost-effective":[35],"method":[36,146],"to":[37,77,136],"identify":[38],"undiagnosed":[39],"VCFs.":[40,138],"In":[41,160],"high-stakes":[42],"scenarios":[43],"like":[44],"opportunistic":[45],"diagnosis,":[47],"model":[48,101],"interpretability":[49],"key":[52],"factor":[53],"the":[55,126,133,177,192],"adoption":[56],"AI":[58],"recommendations.":[59],"Rule-based":[60],"methods":[61],"inherently":[63],"explainable":[64,186],"closely":[66],"align":[67],"with":[68,109],"clinical":[69],"guidelines,":[70],"but":[71],"not":[74],"immediately":[75],"applicable":[76],"high-dimensional":[78],"such":[80],"as":[81],"CT":[82,97],"scans.":[83],"To":[84],"address":[85],"this":[86],"gap,":[87],"we":[88],"introduce":[89],"neurosymbolic":[91],"approach":[92,187],"VCF":[94,158,222],"detection":[95],"in":[96,119,157,176,221],"volumes.":[98],"The":[99],"proposed":[100],"combines":[102],"deep":[103,197],"learning":[104],"(DL)":[105],"vertebral":[107,116],"segmentation":[108],"shape-based":[111],"algorithm":[112],"(SBA)":[113],"that":[114,144,183],"analyzes":[115],"height":[117,134],"distributions":[118,135],"salient":[120],"anatomical":[121],"regions.":[122],"This":[123,210],"allows":[124],"definition":[127],"rule":[130],"set":[131],"over":[132],"detect":[137],"Evaluation":[139],"VerSe19":[141],"dataset":[142],"shows":[143],"our":[145,184],"achieves":[147],"an":[148,168],"accuracy":[149,169],"96%":[151],"sensitivity":[154,173],"91%":[156,175],"detection.":[159],"comparison,":[161],"black":[163,195],"box":[164,196],"model,":[165],"DenseNet,":[166],"achieved":[167],"95%":[171],"same":[178],"dataset.":[179],"Our":[180],"results":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"intrinsically":[185],"can":[188,212],"match":[189],"or":[190],"surpass":[191],"performance":[193],"neural":[198],"networks":[199],"while":[200],"providing":[201],"additional":[202],"insights":[203],"into":[204],"why":[205],"prediction":[207],"was":[208],"made.":[209],"transparency":[211],"enhance":[213],"clinician's":[214],"trust":[215],"thus,":[216],"supporting":[217],"more":[218],"informed":[219],"decision-making":[220],"diagnosis":[223],"treatment":[225],"planning.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
