{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407194574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5010007","title":"Hypercalcemia: A Practice Overview of Its Diagnosis and Causes","display_name":"Hypercalcemia: A Practice Overview of Its Diagnosis and Causes","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407194574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5010007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/kidneydial5010007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5010007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5010007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8236/5/1/7/pdf?version=1741745921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240428","display_name":"Kidney and Dialysis","issn_l":"2673-8236","issn":["2673-8236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kidney and Dialysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4407194574"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8236/5/1/7/pdf?version=1741745921","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036128656","display_name":"Vincenzo Calabrese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-5009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-5009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246010334","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Enna Kore","ror":"https://ror.org/04vd28p53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246010334"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Calabrese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-5009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246010334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Roberta M. Messina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberta M. Messina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, P.O. Maggiore \u201cNino Baglieri\u201d, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, P.O. Maggiore \u201cNino Baglieri\u201d, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080785808","display_name":"Valeria Cernaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-5032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-5032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139630","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \"G. Martino\"","ror":"https://ror.org/03tf96d34","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Cernaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-5032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alessandra Farina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139630","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \"G. Martino\"","ror":"https://ror.org/03tf96d34","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Farina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116170667","display_name":"Ylenia Di Pietro","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139630","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \"G. Martino\"","ror":"https://ror.org/03tf96d34","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ylenia Di Pietro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036862337","display_name":"Guido Gembillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-9910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-9910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139630","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \"G. Martino\"","ror":"https://ror.org/03tf96d34","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Gembillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-9910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008925300","display_name":"Elisa Longhitano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-4431","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-4431"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139630","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \"G. Martino\"","ror":"https://ror.org/03tf96d34","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Longhitano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-4431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091956223","display_name":"Chiara Casuscelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6348-8718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6348-8718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139630","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \"G. Martino\"","ror":"https://ror.org/03tf96d34","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Casuscelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6348-8718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082200367","display_name":"Giovanni Taverna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3904-8145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3904-8145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139630","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \"G. Martino\"","ror":"https://ror.org/03tf96d34","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Taverna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3904-8145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034565443","display_name":"Domenico Santoro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4279-6559","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4279-6559"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139630","display_name":"Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico \"G. Martino\"","ror":"https://ror.org/03tf96d34","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Santoro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98100 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951","https://openalex.org/I4210139630"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036128656"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246010334"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":3.3028,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91214585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"7","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10516","display_name":"Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10516","display_name":"Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10277","display_name":"Vitamin D Research Studies","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11314","display_name":"Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypercalcemia","display_name":"hypercalcemia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionized-calcium","display_name":"ionized calcium","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-calcium","display_name":"serum calcium","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/familial-hypocalciuric-hypercalcemia","display_name":"familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parathyroid-hormone","display_name":"parathyroid hormone","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-d","display_name":"vitamin D","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypercalcemia-of-malignancy","display_name":"hypercalcemia of malignancy","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hematologic-disorders","display_name":"hematologic disorders","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-algorithm","display_name":"diagnostic algorithm","score":0.6129999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38766589760780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.32925164699554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.32633769512176514}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/kidneydial5010007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5010007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5010007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8236/5/1/7/pdf?version=1741745921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240428","display_name":"Kidney and Dialysis","issn_l":"2673-8236","issn":["2673-8236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kidney and Dialysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11248dded0c44f8ca3c04b65b505171a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11248dded0c44f8ca3c04b65b505171a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kidney and Dialysis, Vol 5, Iss 1, p 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/kidneydial5010007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5010007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial5010007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8236/5/1/7/pdf?version=1741745921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240428","display_name":"Kidney and Dialysis","issn_l":"2673-8236","issn":["2673-8236"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kidney and Dialysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9763000011444092}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407194574.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407194574.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156771037","https://openalex.org/W1493588537","https://openalex.org/W1549760708","https://openalex.org/W1608553417","https://openalex.org/W1951349736","https://openalex.org/W1972067149","https://openalex.org/W1972647623","https://openalex.org/W1979802945","https://openalex.org/W1988396581","https://openalex.org/W1994531804","https://openalex.org/W1995875309","https://openalex.org/W2004481996","https://openalex.org/W2014428386","https://openalex.org/W2016498268","https://openalex.org/W2018181277","https://openalex.org/W2018316968","https://openalex.org/W2035781248","https://openalex.org/W2054915872","https://openalex.org/W2063497701","https://openalex.org/W2064215506","https://openalex.org/W2066958101","https://openalex.org/W2079959771","https://openalex.org/W2111807012","https://openalex.org/W2123780246","https://openalex.org/W2124210131","https://openalex.org/W2132897134","https://openalex.org/W2138748767","https://openalex.org/W2140700142","https://openalex.org/W2166378328","https://openalex.org/W2167766578","https://openalex.org/W2173934737","https://openalex.org/W2201756748","https://openalex.org/W2204667941","https://openalex.org/W2314823089","https://openalex.org/W2343123287","https://openalex.org/W2700576091","https://openalex.org/W2804827832","https://openalex.org/W2885554399","https://openalex.org/W2888113997","https://openalex.org/W2981495265","https://openalex.org/W2987662845","https://openalex.org/W2990389895","https://openalex.org/W3083527860","https://openalex.org/W3090910358","https://openalex.org/W3110637104","https://openalex.org/W3150500703","https://openalex.org/W3166756865","https://openalex.org/W3195672896","https://openalex.org/W3211349717","https://openalex.org/W4206066694","https://openalex.org/W4226279896","https://openalex.org/W4229076421","https://openalex.org/W4244794775","https://openalex.org/W4248323634","https://openalex.org/W4251668063","https://openalex.org/W4283652612","https://openalex.org/W4283817093","https://openalex.org/W4293421387","https://openalex.org/W4307208491","https://openalex.org/W4318428504","https://openalex.org/W4323531192","https://openalex.org/W4353056847","https://openalex.org/W4377023144","https://openalex.org/W4386856781","https://openalex.org/W4389664327","https://openalex.org/W4394724242","https://openalex.org/W4400038741","https://openalex.org/W4402345485","https://openalex.org/W4402762195","https://openalex.org/W4404364722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4253025516","https://openalex.org/W4385893444","https://openalex.org/W1991384523","https://openalex.org/W291315402","https://openalex.org/W4246321084","https://openalex.org/W4292423753","https://openalex.org/W4295546912","https://openalex.org/W4388242983","https://openalex.org/W2903818644","https://openalex.org/W2064996981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hypercalcemia":[0],"is":[1,20,29,76,138],"defined":[2],"as":[3,23,96],"a":[4],"serum":[5,18,36,44],"calcium":[6,19,45,57],"concentration":[7,58],"higher":[8,59],"than":[9,60],"10.5":[10],"mg/gL":[11],"or":[12,92,100,110],"2.6":[13],"mmol/L.":[14],"Only":[15],"50%":[16],"of":[17],"active,":[21],"presented":[22],"ionized":[24,56],"calcium.":[25],"The":[26],"remaining":[27],"half":[28],"bound":[30],"to":[31,48,71,78,105,131],"albumin,":[32],"phosphate,":[33],"and":[34,38,73,133],"other":[35],"anions,":[37],"their":[39],"changes":[40],"can":[41,69,85,102],"affect":[42],"the":[43,116,128],"concentration.":[46],"Thus,":[47],"discriminate":[49],"true":[50],"hypercalcemia":[51],"from":[52],"pseudo":[53],"hypercalcemia,":[54,72,99],"an":[55],"1.3":[61],"mmol/L":[62],"might":[63],"be":[64,86,103,121],"more":[65],"appropriate.":[66],"Many":[67],"variables":[68],"lead":[70],"managing":[74],"them":[75],"necessary":[77],"treat":[79],"this":[80,114,124],"ion":[81],"disorder.":[82],"Indeed,":[83],"it":[84,101],"caused":[87],"by":[88],"malignancies,":[89],"hematologic":[90],"disorders,":[91],"genetic":[93],"diseases":[94],"such":[95],"familial":[97],"hypocalciuric":[98],"related":[104],"hormone":[106],"disorders":[107],"involving":[108],"parathormone":[109],"vitamin":[111],"D.":[112],"For":[113],"condition,":[115],"correct":[117],"diagnostic":[118,129],"algorithm":[119],"should":[120],"followed.":[122],"In":[123],"review,":[125],"we":[126],"summarize":[127],"steps":[130],"follow":[132],"detail":[134],"each":[135],"clinical":[136],"pathway":[137],"involved":[139],"in":[140],"hypercalcemia.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2025-02-06T00:00:00"}
