{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407185519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","title":"Elmer Belt, Harry Benjamin, and the Birth of Gender-Affirming Surgery in the United States","display_name":"Elmer Belt, Harry Benjamin, and the Birth of Gender-Affirming Surgery in the United States","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407185519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","pdf_url":"https://ijuh.org/assets/pdfs/volume4/issue2/Hines_on_Belt_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200911","display_name":"International Journal of Urologic History","issn_l":"2769-2183","issn":["2769-2183"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Urologic History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ijuh.org/assets/pdfs/volume4/issue2/Hines_on_Belt_final.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090524998","display_name":"Laena T. Hines","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-1961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3146-1961"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28792581","display_name":"University of Rochester Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00trqv719","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laena Hines","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Ave , Box 656 Rochester , NY , 14642 , USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Ave , Box 656 Rochester , NY , 14642 , USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thomas Osinski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28792581","display_name":"University of Rochester Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00trqv719","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Osinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Ave , Box 656 Rochester , NY , 14642 , USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester Medical Center , 601 Elmwood Ave , Box 656 Rochester , NY , 14642 , USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025578036","display_name":"Ronald Rabinowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4708-5787","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4708-5787"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28792581","display_name":"University of Rochester Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00trqv719","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Rabinowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Urology , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Urology , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101614908","display_name":"David Andrew Diamond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-8077","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-8077","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8444-7525"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28792581","display_name":"University of Rochester Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00trqv719","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28792581","https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Diamond","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Department of Urology , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York","Indiana University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Department of Urology , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28792581"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6446,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64361723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10156","display_name":"LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy","score":0.6577000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10156","display_name":"LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy","score":0.6577000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.17990000545978546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13735","display_name":"History of Medical Practice","score":0.06539999693632126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-affirming-surgery","display_name":"gender-affirming surgery","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harry-benjamin","display_name":"Harry Benjamin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transgender-medicine","display_name":"transgender medicine","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-surgery","display_name":"history of surgery","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penectomy","display_name":"penectomy","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaginoplasty","display_name":"vaginoplasty","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wpath-standards-of-care","display_name":"WPATH Standards of Care","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transgender-activism","display_name":"trans activism","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-regret","display_name":"patient regret","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-urology","display_name":"history of urology","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.35543835163116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.343951553106308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.34023940563201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31174397468566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.285035640001297}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","pdf_url":"https://ijuh.org/assets/pdfs/volume4/issue2/Hines_on_Belt_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200911","display_name":"International Journal of Urologic History","issn_l":"2769-2183","issn":["2769-2183"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Urologic History","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.4.2.092419","pdf_url":"https://ijuh.org/assets/pdfs/volume4/issue2/Hines_on_Belt_final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200911","display_name":"International Journal of Urologic History","issn_l":"2769-2183","issn":["2769-2183"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Urologic History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407185519.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407185519.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389568745","https://openalex.org/W4391014381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394802595","https://openalex.org/W4408446581","https://openalex.org/W3122217584","https://openalex.org/W4404614772","https://openalex.org/W2915803528","https://openalex.org/W2906563500","https://openalex.org/W3214694074","https://openalex.org/W4405310606","https://openalex.org/W2941106102","https://openalex.org/W4405311513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Introduction":[1],"Gender":[2,338],"Affirming":[3,339],"Surgery":[4],"(GAS)":[5],"originated":[6],"in":[7,27,34,41,70,88,91,168,174,182,200,205,234,246,321,329],"early":[8,209],"20th":[9],"century":[10],"Europe":[11],"and":[12,21,36,52,61,84,97,109,117,121,148,213,254,265,316],"innovators":[13],"there":[14],"established":[15],"some":[16],"of":[17,24,44,66,94,119,137,145,152,190,257,296,301,310,324],"the":[18,28,42,71,89,92,113,135,142,149,171,187,208,231,235,258,261,292,308,322,330],"first":[19,163,232],"surgical":[20,220,249,327],"social":[22],"principles":[23],"GAS.":[25],"GAS":[26,60,69,87,165],"United":[29,72],"States,":[30],"however,":[31],"lagged":[32],"behind":[33],"practice":[35],"acceptance.":[37],"Two":[38],"American":[39,194],"pioneers":[40],"care":[43,67,328],"patients":[45],"undergoing":[46],"gender-affirmation":[47],"therapies":[48],"were":[49,318],"Elmer":[50,223,334],"Belt":[51,83,120,229,264,268,317],"Harry":[53,216,336],"Benjamin.":[54],"How":[55],"they":[56],"became":[57,230],"dedicated":[58],"to":[59,80,105,129,237,281],"establishing":[62],"a":[63,219,225,304],"new":[64],"standard":[65],"for":[68],"States":[73],"is":[74],"less":[75],"clear.":[76],"Our":[77],"goal":[78],"was":[79,166],"describe":[81],"how":[82,98],"Benjamin":[85,122,266,315],"created":[86],"US,":[90],"context":[93],"their":[95,99,124],"time,":[96],"work":[100],"influenced":[101,291],"our":[102],"current":[103],"approach":[104],"transgender":[106,198,214],"care.":[107],"Sources":[108],"Methods":[110],"We":[111,155],"accessed":[112],"private":[114,125],"papers,":[115],"correspondences,":[116],"memos":[118],"from":[123],"libraries,":[126],"donated":[127],"collections":[128],"local":[130],"archives":[131],"or":[132,284],"libraries":[133],"including":[134],"University":[136],"California":[138],"at":[139,170],"Los":[140,226],"Angeles,":[141],"National":[143,150],"Library":[144,151],"France":[146],"(Paris),":[147],"Medicine":[153,342],"(Bethesda).":[154],"used":[156],"secondary":[157],"sources":[158],"as":[159,274],"cited.":[160],"Results":[161],"The":[162],"documented":[164],"performed":[167],"Berlin":[169],"Charit\u00e9":[172],"Hospital":[173],"collaboration":[175],"with":[176,222],"Magnus":[177],"Hirschfield\u2019s":[178],"Institut":[179],"f\u00fcr":[180],"Sexualwissenschaft":[181],"1922.":[183],"Thirty":[184],"years":[185],"later,":[186],"sensational":[188],"story":[189],"Christine":[191],"Jorgensen,":[192],"an":[193],"GI":[195],"who":[196],"underwent":[197],"surgery":[199],"Denmark,":[201],"sparked":[202],"US":[203,211,236,331],"interest":[204],"transgenderism.":[206],"By":[207],"1950s,":[210],"endocrinologist":[212],"activist,":[215],"Benjamin,":[217,337],"sought":[218],"partnership":[221],"Belt,":[224,335],"Angeles":[227],"urologist.":[228],"surgeon":[233],"perform":[238],"gender":[239,271,311,325],"affirming":[240,272,312,326],"surgery,":[241],"though":[242],"he":[243,275],"did":[244],"so":[245],"secrecy.":[247],"His":[248],"interventions":[250],"included":[251],"penectomy,":[252],"vaginoplasty,":[253],"abdominal":[255],"transposition":[256],"testicles.":[259],"Despite":[260],"safeguards":[262,289],"that":[263],"created,":[267],"ultimately":[269,290],"discontinued":[270],"surgeries":[273],"feared":[276],"patient":[277],"regret":[278],"might":[279],"lead":[280],"either":[282],"legal":[283],"personal":[285],"retribution.":[286],"These":[287],"unofficial":[288],"World":[293],"Professional":[294],"Association":[295],"Transgender":[297,341],"Health":[298],"(WPATH)":[299],"standards":[300],"care,":[302],"leaving":[303],"lasting":[305],"impact":[306],"on":[307],"field":[309],"medicine.":[313],"Conclusions":[314],"extremely":[319],"influential":[320],"birth":[323],"Key":[332],"Words":[333],"Surgery,":[340]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-02-06T00:00:00"}