{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407108710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","title":"Artificial Intelligence enhanced kinematic analysis of basketball free throws","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence enhanced kinematic analysis of basketball free throws","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407108710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187129","display_name":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport","issn_l":"2247-8051","issn":["2247-8051","2247-806X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314551","host_organization_name":"University of Pite\u0219ti","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314551"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Pite\u0219ti"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bekir Karlik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90671886","display_name":"Epoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xgcc957","country_code":"AL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90671886"]}],"countries":["AL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bekir Karlik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Epoka University, Tirana, ALBANIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Epoka University, Tirana, ALBANIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90671886"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Musa Hawamdah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137996928","display_name":"Sel\u00e7uk University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hgzm75","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Musa Hawamdah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Selcuk University, Konya, TURKEY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Selcuk University, Konya, TURKEY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137996928"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0932,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2294882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"2216","last_page":"2222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12677","display_name":"Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12677","display_name":"Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13189","display_name":"Physical Education and Training Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basketball-free-throw","display_name":"basketball free throw","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fatigue","display_name":"fatigue","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-angles","display_name":"joint angles","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ball-release","display_name":"ball release","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomechanics","display_name":"biomechanics","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-classification","display_name":"supervised classification","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes","display_name":"naive Bayes","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"principal component analysis","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletic-performance","display_name":"athletic performance","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3281412124633789}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187129","display_name":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport","issn_l":"2247-8051","issn":["2247-8051","2247-806X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314551","host_organization_name":"University of Pite\u0219ti","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314551"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Pite\u0219ti"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.12321","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210187129","display_name":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport","issn_l":"2247-8051","issn":["2247-8051","2247-806X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314551","host_organization_name":"University of Pite\u0219ti","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314551"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Pite\u0219ti"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Physical Education and Sport","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407108710.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407108710.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391280541"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Problem":[0],"Statement":[1],"and":[2,26,46,55,82,102,117,133,137,222,230,243,256,268,281],"Approach:":[3],"In":[4],"basketball,":[5],"the":[6,16,24,35,124,129,150,158,179,184,199,211,232,264],"success":[7],"of":[8,15,38,111,147,201,234,266],"free":[9,42],"throws":[10,43],"is":[11,153,160],"important":[12],"in":[13,23,104,224,238,249,258,271],"terms":[14],"ball's":[17],"exit":[18],"angle,":[19],"its":[20,27],"proper":[21],"position":[22],"air":[25],"optimum":[28],"speed":[29],"kinematic":[30,36],"features.":[31],"This":[32,261],"study":[33],"investigates":[34],"characteristics":[37],"basketball":[39],"players":[40,98,130],"executing":[41],"both":[44],"before":[45,136,176],"after":[47,138],"experiencing":[48],"fatigue,":[49],"using":[50,165,191,207],"artificial":[51],"Intelligence":[52],"(AI).":[53],"Materials":[54],"Methods:":[56],"We":[57,182],"used":[58,88,143,154,161],"various":[59],"supervised":[60],"machine":[61,235],"learning":[62,236],"algorithms":[63,86],"including:":[64],"k-Nearest":[65],"Neighbours":[66],"(k-NN),":[67],"Na\u00efve":[68,192],"Bayes,":[69],"Support":[70],"Vector":[71],"Machines":[72],"(SVM),":[73],"Artificial":[74],"Neural":[75],"Networks":[76],"(ANN),":[77],"Linear":[78],"Discriminant":[79],"Analysis":[80],"(LDA),":[81],"Decision":[83],"Tree.":[84],"These":[85,245],"were":[87],"for":[89,145,195],"classifying":[90],"features":[91],"derived":[92],"from":[93,97],"motion":[94],"data":[95,163,172,205],"collected":[96],"to":[99,178,253,274],"uncover":[100,275],"patterns":[101,221],"variations":[103,223],"their":[105],"shooting":[106,225],"mechanics":[107,226],"under":[108],"different":[109],"levels":[110],"fatigue.":[112,139],"The":[113,217],"elbow,":[114],"trunk,":[115],"knee":[116],"ankle":[118],"joint":[119],"angles":[120],"are":[121,141],"measured":[122],"at":[123],"ball":[125],"release":[126],"point":[127],"when":[128],"make":[131],"successful":[132],"unsuccessful":[134],"shots":[135],"There":[140],"two":[142],"methods":[144],"classification":[146,186,213],"these":[148],"features:":[149],"first":[151],"one":[152],"directly":[155],"row":[156,196],"data;":[157],"other":[159],"reduced":[162],"by":[164,190,206,228],"principal":[166],"component":[167],"analysis":[168],"(PCA).":[169],"For":[170],"both,":[171],"normalized":[173],"between":[174],"0-1":[175],"applying":[177],"classifier.":[180],"Results:":[181],"obtained":[183],"best":[185,212],"accuracy":[187,214],"as":[188,215],"98.44%":[189],"Bayes":[193],"classifier":[194],"data.":[197,241],"Moreover,":[198],"results":[200,246],"ANN":[202],"with":[203],"reduction":[204],"PCA":[208],"have":[209],"shown":[210],"95.31%.":[216],"findings":[218],"reveal":[219],"distinct":[220],"induced":[227],"fatigue":[229,282],"highlight":[231],"effectiveness":[233],"models":[237],"analysing":[239],"biomechanical":[240],"Discussion":[242],"conclusion:":[244],"can":[247],"aid":[248],"developing":[250],"training":[251],"programs":[252],"enhance":[254],"performance":[255,280],"consistency":[257],"fatigued":[259],"states.":[260],"research":[262],"underscores":[263],"potential":[265],"AI":[267],"datadriven":[269],"approaches":[270],"sports":[272],"biomechanics":[273],"valuable":[276],"insights":[277],"into":[278],"athlete":[279],"management.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2025-02-04T00:00:00"}
