{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406934865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","title":"Improved GIS Techniques and a Novel Physico-Chemical Risk Index for Surface Water Quality Assessment: A Case Study of the Al-Garraf Oil Field","display_name":"Improved GIS Techniques and a Novel Physico-Chemical Risk Index for Surface Water Quality Assessment: A Case Study of the Al-Garraf Oil Field","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406934865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738499402","display_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","issn_l":"0128-0198","issn":["0128-0198","2289-7526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322443","host_organization_name":"UKM Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UKM Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024546285","display_name":"Khaldoon T. Falih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-7606","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-7606"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145266","display_name":"Southern Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03sax3264","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145266"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaldoon T. Falih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Techniques Department , Nasiriyah Technical Institute , Southern Technical University , Iraq","Department of Civil Engineering ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Techniques Department , Nasiriyah Technical Institute , Southern Technical University , Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046760206","display_name":"Siti Fatin Mohd Razali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2757-6141","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2757-6141"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siti Fatin Mohd Razali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028417716","display_name":"Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-2778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-2778"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.709,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61776039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"1","first_page":"241","last_page":"258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13909","display_name":"Environmental Quality and Pollution","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12773","display_name":"Water Quality and Resources Studies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-water-quality","display_name":"surface water quality","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petroleum-hydrocarbon-contamination","display_name":"petroleum contamination","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oilfield-wastewater","display_name":"oilfield wastewater","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-risk-mapping","display_name":"spatial risk mapping","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-distance-weighting","display_name":"inverse distance weighting","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution-hotspots","display_name":"pollution hotspots","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cutoff-values","display_name":"cut-off values","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality-monitoring","display_name":"water quality monitoring","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5823293924331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.530517041683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5094349980354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776364302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1845437","display_name":"Oil field","level":2,"score":0.46843820810317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.36963188648223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3385361135005951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.20818257331848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13043981790542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12121844291687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09121924638748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08943405747413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738499402","display_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","issn_l":"0128-0198","issn":["0128-0198","2289-7526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322443","host_organization_name":"UKM Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UKM Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(1)-16","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738499402","display_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","issn_l":"0128-0198","issn":["0128-0198","2289-7526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322443","host_organization_name":"UKM Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UKM Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406934865.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406934865.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519593501","https://openalex.org/W1866003614","https://openalex.org/W1990187788","https://openalex.org/W1994216560","https://openalex.org/W1994955374","https://openalex.org/W1995135673","https://openalex.org/W1999045749","https://openalex.org/W2002683547","https://openalex.org/W2007465471","https://openalex.org/W2020278664","https://openalex.org/W2028910969","https://openalex.org/W2036020346","https://openalex.org/W2064508963","https://openalex.org/W2068220298","https://openalex.org/W2073249543","https://openalex.org/W2089055951","https://openalex.org/W2100532556","https://openalex.org/W2105455980","https://openalex.org/W2116006460","https://openalex.org/W2160032111","https://openalex.org/W2224088501","https://openalex.org/W2562095516","https://openalex.org/W2627650999","https://openalex.org/W2767276122","https://openalex.org/W2790913225","https://openalex.org/W2806191765","https://openalex.org/W2886070470","https://openalex.org/W2910396380","https://openalex.org/W2913926062","https://openalex.org/W2958863010","https://openalex.org/W2982710238","https://openalex.org/W3193840683","https://openalex.org/W4200282044","https://openalex.org/W4235050968","https://openalex.org/W4309734324","https://openalex.org/W4311002081","https://openalex.org/W4312798635","https://openalex.org/W4313131988","https://openalex.org/W4366370242","https://openalex.org/W4386319416","https://openalex.org/W4389338386","https://openalex.org/W4391003907","https://openalex.org/W4394983162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160567861","https://openalex.org/W4283451115","https://openalex.org/W2750760253","https://openalex.org/W4396735676","https://openalex.org/W7221156843","https://openalex.org/W4392964858","https://openalex.org/W2109798965","https://openalex.org/W2363539971","https://openalex.org/W2980438950","https://openalex.org/W4380083545"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Petroleum":[0],"hydrocarbons":[1],"and":[2,15,43,95,106,174,189],"waste":[3],"streams":[4],"have":[5],"polluted":[6],"the":[7,24,40,60,74,101,124,135,141,150,157,160,178,192,203],"environment,":[8],"harmed":[9],"human":[10],"health,":[11],"affected":[12],"socioeconomic":[13],"conditions,":[14],"impacted":[16],"communities":[17],"in":[18,59,168],"oil-producing":[19],"countries.":[20],"The":[21,70,127,144,162,181],"aim":[22],"of":[23,30,37,73,111,123,137,140,159],"study":[25],"is":[26,113,172,175,183],"to":[27,48,119,132,148,210],"identify":[28],"hotspots":[29],"contaminated":[31,166],"water,":[32],"create":[33,120],"spatial":[34],"risk":[35,54],"maps":[36,122],"pollution":[38,51],"from":[39],"petroleum":[41],"industry":[42,205],"develop":[44],"a":[45],"novel":[46],"index":[47,55],"estimate":[49],"ecosystem":[50,138],"named":[52],"physico-chemical":[53],"(PRI).":[56],"Ten":[57],"sites":[58],"Al-Gharraf":[61],"oil":[62,142,170,204],"field":[63,171],"were":[64,78,108],"analyzed":[65],"for":[66,153,165,202],"their":[67],"water":[68,167],"quality.":[69],"highest":[71],"results":[72],"six-month":[75],"sample":[76],"analysis":[77,182],"PH":[79],"(8.7),":[80],"DO":[81],"(11.5mg/L),":[82],"turbidity":[83],"(70.3":[84],"NTU),":[85],"temperature":[86],"(34":[87],"C),":[88],"BOD5":[89],"(37.8":[90],"mg/L),":[91],"COD":[92],"(101":[93],"mg/L)":[94],"TSS":[96],"(109":[97],"mg/L).":[98],"To":[99],"achieve":[100],"above":[102],"objectives,":[103],"different":[104],"methods":[105],"techniques":[107],"used;":[109],"one":[110],"them":[112],"inverse":[114],"distance":[115],"weighting(IDW)":[116],"with":[117,156,191],"GIS":[118],"geographical":[121],"measured":[125],"parameters.":[126],"IDW":[128],"method":[129],"was":[130,146],"used":[131,209],"accurately":[133],"map":[134],"distribution":[136],"parameters":[139],"field.":[143],"PRI":[145,179],"performed":[147],"compare":[149],"threshold":[151,163,193],"values":[152],"pollutant":[154],"elements":[155],"contamination":[158],"site.":[161],"value":[164],"Garraf":[169],"24.328":[173],"determined":[176],"by":[177],"index.":[180],"carried":[184],"out":[185],"at":[186],"regular":[187],"intervals":[188],"compared":[190],"values.":[194],"This":[195],"work":[196],"has":[197],"created":[198],"an":[199],"important":[200],"database":[201],"that":[206],"should":[207],"be":[208],"monitor":[211],"ecosystems.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-01-30T00:00:00"}