{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406728073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727","title":"The interventions of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning can significantly improve gross motor skills in elementary school students","display_name":"The interventions of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning can significantly improve gross motor skills in elementary school students","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406728073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.47197/retos.v64.111727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727","pdf_url":"https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/download/111727/81661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738013834","display_name":"Retos","issn_l":"1579-1726","issn":["1579-1726","1988-2041"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321671","host_organization_name":"FEADEF","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321671"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["FEADEF"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Retos","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/download/111727/81661","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072303687","display_name":"Mohammad Faruk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-9196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-9196","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6334-4298"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130218214","display_name":"Indonesia University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/044b0xj37","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Faruk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-9196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034161967","display_name":"Mohammad Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-1586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-1586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130218214","display_name":"Indonesia University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/044b0xj37","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033678011","display_name":"Rudi Susilana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9082-9960","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9082-9960"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130218214","display_name":"Indonesia University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/044b0xj37","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudi Susilana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071203583","display_name":"Laksmi Dewi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7182-4363","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7182-4363"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130218214","display_name":"Indonesia University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/044b0xj37","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laksmi Dewi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130218214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013585124","display_name":"Norlidah Alias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8299-2669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8299-2669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norlidah Alias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Malaya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Malaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043908533","display_name":"I Made Sriundy Mahardika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3280-513X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3280-513X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23758234","display_name":"Universitas Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01jf74q70","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I Made Sri Undy Mahardika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Imam Syafi\u2019i","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23758234","display_name":"Universitas Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01jf74q70","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imam Syafi\u2019i","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068350150","display_name":"Muchamad Samsul Huda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7054-5009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7054-5009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47689905","display_name":"Mulawarman University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kwq2y85","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47689905"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muchamad Samsul Huda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Mulawarman"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Mulawarman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47689905"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108908897","display_name":"Achmad Rizanul Wahyudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3499-0941","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3499-0941"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23758234","display_name":"Universitas Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01jf74q70","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achmad Rizanul Wahyudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3499-0941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038026316","display_name":"Laily Mita Andriana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9845-6577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9845-6577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23758234","display_name":"Universitas Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01jf74q70","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laily Mita Andriana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075863924","display_name":"Adi Pranoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4080-9245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4080-9245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23758234","display_name":"Universitas Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01jf74q70","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adi Pranoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4080-9245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":215},"fwci":8.5356,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97797292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":null,"first_page":"201","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12241","display_name":"Children's Physical and Motor Development","score":0.5663999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12241","display_name":"Children's Physical and Motor Development","score":0.5663999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.21230000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13189","display_name":"Physical Education and Training Studies","score":0.10819999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"augmented reality","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-learning","display_name":"mobile learning","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-education","display_name":"physical education","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gross-motor-skills","display_name":"gross motor skills","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tgmd-2","display_name":"TGMD-2","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-motor-development","display_name":"early childhood motor development","score":0.7739999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114735433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610504","display_name":"Gross motor skill","level":3,"score":0.7802343368530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.6151819825172424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169976356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13208902","display_name":"Motor skill","level":2,"score":0.544420599937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71406770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243253","display_name":"Physical education","level":2,"score":0.5430667996406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.5418664813041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5369467735290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5223573446273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3395299017429352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.33241772651672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.23369592428207397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.21841546893119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14711320400238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.47197/retos.v64.111727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727","pdf_url":"https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/download/111727/81661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738013834","display_name":"Retos","issn_l":"1579-1726","issn":["1579-1726","1988-2041"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321671","host_organization_name":"FEADEF","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321671"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["FEADEF"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Retos","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7aadf49c72a04185b3072ad874f44ebf","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7aadf49c72a04185b3072ad874f44ebf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Deportes y Recreaci\u00f3n, Vol 64 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.47197/retos.v64.111727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727","pdf_url":"https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/retos/article/download/111727/81661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738013834","display_name":"Retos","issn_l":"1579-1726","issn":["1579-1726","1988-2041"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321671","host_organization_name":"FEADEF","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321671"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["FEADEF"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Retos","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323127","display_name":"Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/044b0xj37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406728073.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406728073.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765564243","https://openalex.org/W3014088996","https://openalex.org/W3036857938","https://openalex.org/W3039646448","https://openalex.org/W3043565387","https://openalex.org/W3079804857","https://openalex.org/W3103146922","https://openalex.org/W3112132080","https://openalex.org/W3113467501","https://openalex.org/W3120296849","https://openalex.org/W3128809705","https://openalex.org/W3158287671","https://openalex.org/W3165608755","https://openalex.org/W3181566864","https://openalex.org/W3193385465","https://openalex.org/W3207499287","https://openalex.org/W3210819574","https://openalex.org/W3216406818","https://openalex.org/W4200090103","https://openalex.org/W4205763800","https://openalex.org/W4231389540","https://openalex.org/W4297020219","https://openalex.org/W4297492227","https://openalex.org/W4312222405","https://openalex.org/W4324149121","https://openalex.org/W4367557233","https://openalex.org/W4386560592","https://openalex.org/W4387572831","https://openalex.org/W4388020161","https://openalex.org/W4399331338","https://openalex.org/W4402763432"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163064752","https://openalex.org/W7167923772","https://openalex.org/W4296430723","https://openalex.org/W7128469249","https://openalex.org/W4403256315","https://openalex.org/W4412400882","https://openalex.org/W4406244835","https://openalex.org/W2955543954","https://openalex.org/W7204111369","https://openalex.org/W4415065954"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Physical":[1],"education":[2,58,84,154,182,225],"interventions":[3,55,151,179,222],"outside":[4],"of":[5,29,48,56,82,116,128,152,180,223],"school":[6,74,198,241],"that":[7,39,54,150],"use":[8],"augmented":[9,61,87,157,185,228],"reality":[10,62,88,158,186,229],"mobile":[11,43,64,90,160,188,231],"learning":[12,32,65,189,232],"can":[13,66,190,233],"be":[14],"an":[15,37],"effective":[16,210],"method":[17],"to":[18,52,123,212],"improve":[19,68,192,213,235],"students'":[20],"gross":[21,69,129,167,193,214,236],"motor":[22,70,130,168,194,215,237],"skills":[23,71,195,216,238],"in":[24,72,166,196,239],"primary":[25],"school.":[26],"The":[27,46,77,110,132,147,170,178,221],"novelty":[28],"this":[30],"study,":[31],"media":[33],"is":[34],"packaged":[35],"into":[36,100],"application":[38],"runs":[40],"on":[41],"a":[42,163],"device.":[44],"Objective:":[45],"aims":[47],"the":[49,80,103,107,114,125,174],"study":[50,78,93],"was":[51,113],"prove":[53],"physical":[57,83,153,181,224],"by":[59,85,155,183,226],"using":[60,86,156,184,227],"based":[63,89,159,187,230],"significantly":[67,191,234],"elementary":[73,197,240],"students.":[75,199,242],"Methodology:":[76],"examined":[79],"effects":[81],"learning.":[91],"This":[92],"used":[94,112,136],"60":[95],"participants":[96],"who":[97],"were":[98,137],"divided":[99],"two":[101],"groups:":[102],"intervention":[104],"group":[105,172],"and":[106,142],"control":[108,171],"group.":[109],"instrument":[111],"Test":[115],"Gross":[117],"Motor":[118],"Development":[119],"Second":[120],"Edition":[121],"(TGMD-2)":[122],"evaluate":[124],"growth":[126],"pattern":[127],"skills.":[131,169],"data":[133],"analysis":[134],"techniques":[135],"normality":[138],"test,":[139,141],"influence":[140],"independent":[143],"samples":[144],"t-test.":[145],"Results:":[146],"results":[148],"showed":[149,173],"learning,":[161],"provided":[162],"greater":[164],"improvement":[165],"least":[175],"change.":[176],"Discussion:":[177],"Conclusions:":[200],"These":[201],"findings":[202],"may":[203],"guide":[204],"options":[205],"for":[206,209,218],"those":[207],"looking":[208],"ways":[211],"especially":[217],"early":[219],"childhood.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-01-23T00:00:00"}